Hydrauliprässin modernisointi

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli rakentaa CSI Composites Oy:lle komposiitin puristusprässi. Työ suunniteltiin ja valmistettiin Metecno Oy:n tiloissa. Vastaavia valmiita tuotteita ei juurikaan maailmalta löydy, ja CSI:n omistamaan valmiiseen hydrauliprässin runkoon oli hyvä lähteä suunnittelemaan juuri tilaajan toiveiden mukaista laitetta. Projektin käynnistyessä käytiin keskusteluja laitteen toiminnasta, ja suunnitelmat olivat alusta alkaen kohtuullisen selkeitä. Työ jakautui kolmeen osa-alueeseen: hydrauliikka, sähkö ja ohjelmointi, jotka sisälsivät niin suunnittelun kuin laitteen kasaamisen. Opinnäytetyön kirjallisessa osuudessa ei julkaista sähköpiirustuksia tai logiikkaohjelmaa toimeksiantajan pyynnöstä. Työn tuloksena kehitettiin toimiva hydrauliprässi komposiitin puristukseen. Komposiitti puristetaan muotin sisälle kahden lämmitettävän leuan väliin. Alkuperäisen hydrauliprässin toiminnan monimutkaisuuden takia oli epäilyksiä, toimiiko laite ajatellulla tavalla. Laitteen hydrauliikkaa suunniteltaessa oli muutama olettamus, joiden pohjalta uudet komponentit valittiin, mikä aiheutti hieman epäluuloa laitteen testaamisvaiheessa. Muutamaa hienosäätöä logiikkaohjelmaan lukuun ottamatta laite toimi erinomaisesti. Opinnäytetyötä voidaan pitää kokonaisuudessaan onnistuneena projektina. CSI Composites Oy oli tyytyväinen laitteen toimintaan ja projektin kulku sujui jouhevasti, pois lukien joidenkin komponenttien pitkät toimitusajat. Toimitusaikojen takia projektin valmistuminen viivästyi hieman, mutta siitä ei muodostunut sen suurempaa ongelmaa. Valmiiseen laitteeseen pystytään lisäämään helposti toimintoja, kuten esimerkiksi rajakytkimiä, joiden avulla laitteen toimintaa kyetään automatisoimaan lisää. Tilaaja halusi, että laite on yksinkertainen, joten yhteisymmärryksessä päätettiin pitää laite mahdollisimman pelkistettynä.The purpose of this thesis was to design and build a hydraulic press which is intended to compress composite. The customer of this hydraulic press was CSI Composites Oy and manufacturing of the product took place at Metecno Oy. Customer ordered this press, because similar hydraulic presses can’t be found. Customer delivered an old hydraulic press, which was excellent to modify for the clients demands. The project started with discussions of how modified hydraulic press should work. The project divides into three areas: hydraulics, electrics and programming. Electric diagrams and logic program will not be published by the request of the manufacturer. The result of this thesis was a machine which compresses composite. Composite is in mold, which is compressed between two heated plates. The structure of the old hydraulic press was very complicated and there were few assumptions made when designing new hydraulic schematic. These assumptions caused some uncertainty about functionality of the machine but except few changes in the code, the machine worked well. In conclusion, the modified hydraulic press can be considered successful. The machine meets the goals that were set for it. The feedback from the CSI Composites was positive and CSI will use the machine in the manufacturing of composite products. The project was delayed slightly due to long delivery times of some components. The electrical designing of the machine allows to add more functions to the machine, like limit switches. The customer wanted to keep the hydraulic press as simple as possible, so it was decided to leave everything unnecessary out of the machine

Hematite Clusters on Anatase TiO2 Surface and Effect of Oxygen Vacancy: A First Principles Study

It has been observed that small Fe2O3 clusters at low coverage on TiO2 can enhance the photocatalytic activity, while increase in concentration and size of the iron oxides can hinder it. Previously, TiO2/Fe2O3 composites have been studied using DFT methods and explained a photo electron transfer from TiO2 to Fe2O3. Nevertheless, a systematic study by increasing the size and coverage concentration of Fe2O3 clusters on the anatase surface can give more insights into observed photocatalytic activity. In this scenario, keeping this as a guideline, we have simulated adsorption of Fe2O3 clusters at the anatase TiO2 (101) surface. We investigated the structural, electronic and magnetic properties to understand the photocatalytic system. Adsorption of the clusters at the surface is exothermic and generates impurity states in the band gap which narrows the band gap. Notable charge transfer is attributed to a formation of heterojunction between TiO2 and Fe2O3 cluster. These findings indicate TiO2 to be a better photocatalyst with hematite clusters at low coverage. We also introduced oxygen vacancy in the heterostructure to study the possibility of altering the photocatalytic properties. We find that oxygen vacancy further alters the electronic properties, and also locally affects the magnetic properties. The results suggest that introduction of oxygen vacancy can be a promising routine to modify the photocatalytic performance of TiO2.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figure

Virtual Library - Blending Mirror and Fantasy Layers into a VR Interface for a Public Library

We present an immersive VR interface for a public library where a mirror-world like virtual copy of the physical library is blended with imaginary virtual fantasy layers into a hybrid space for library content. The design of the system was guided by multi-stakeholder Participatory Design process involving library staff, library customers and researchers. The findings of the qualitative user evaluation of the prototype suggest that this kind of a VR interface is an exciting extension to a physical library, indicating the unlimited possibilities offered by the VR’s ability to send the user into imaginary places.Peer reviewe

Genome sequencing of two Neorhizobium galegae strains reveals a noeT gene responsible for the unusual acetylation of the nodulation factors

Background The species Neorhizobium galegae comprises two symbiovars that induce nodules on Galega plants. Strains of both symbiovars, orientalis and officinalis, induce nodules on the same plant species, but fix nitrogen only in their own host species. The mechanism behind this strict host specificity is not yet known. In this study, genome sequences of representatives of the two symbiovars were produced, providing new material for studying properties of N. galegae, with a special interest in genomic differences that may play a role in host specificity. Results The genome sequences confirmed that the two representative strains are much alike at a whole-genome level. Analysis of orthologous genes showed that N. galegae has a higher number of orthologs shared with Rhizobium than with Agrobacterium. The symbiosis plasmid of strain HAMBI 1141 was shown to transfer by conjugation under optimal conditions. In addition, both sequenced strains have an acetyltransferase gene which was shown to modify the Nod factor on the residue adjacent to the non-reducing-terminal residue. The working hypothesis that this gene is of major importance in directing host specificity of N. galegae could not, however, be confirmed. Conclusions Strains of N. galegae have many genes differentiating them from strains of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium. However, the mechanism behind their ecological difference is not evident. Although the final determinant for the strict host specificity of N. galegae remains to be identified, the gene responsible for the species-specific acetylation of the Nod factors was identified in this study. We propose the name noeT for this gene to reflect its role in symbiosis.Peer reviewe

Metallic contact between MoS2 and Ni via Au nanoglue

A critical factor for electronics based on inorganic layered crystals stems from the electrical contact mode between the semiconducting crystals and the metal counterparts in the electric circuit. Here, a materials tailoring strategy via nanocomposite decoration is carried out to reach metallic contact between MoS2 matrix and transition metal nanoparticles. Nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) are successfully joined to the sides of a layered MoS2 crystal through gold nanobuffers, forming semiconducting and magnetic NiNPs@MoS2 complexes. The intrinsic semiconducting property of MoS2 remains unchanged, and it can be lowered to only few layers. Chemical bonding of the Ni to the MoS2 host is verified by synchrotron radiation based photoemission electron microscopy, and further proved by first- principles calculations. Following the system's band alignment, new electron migration channels between metal and the semiconducting side contribute to the metallic contact mechanism, while semiconductor–metal heterojunctions enhance the photocatalytic ability

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Maanalainen kaivosmittaus Kittilän kultakaivoksella

Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tuoda esille, millaisia työtehtäviä kaivosmittaajalla on Kittilän kaivoksella. Kittilän kaivos on Euroopan suurin kultakaivos. Opinnäytetyössä esiteltiin, millaista osaamista vaaditaan päivittäisissä kaivosmittaajan työtehtävissä maanalaisessa kaivoksessa. Opinnäytetyö sisältää kaivosmittauksen turvallisuuteen liittyviä asioita ja työssä kerrotaan myös yleisesti kaivostoiminnasta ja sen monista vaiheista, mitä maanalainen kaivos edellyttää, jotta malmia saadaan louhittua. Opinnäytetyössä käsiteltiin myös mittaukseen liittyviä haasteita ja ongelmia, mitä kaivosmittaajan työssä voi kohdata sekä niiden ratkaisuja. Työ kirjoitettiin käyttäen apuna aiemmin julkaistua maanmittaustekniikan kirjallisuutta ja Agnico Eagle Finlandin sisäisiä toimintaohjeita. Teknistä tietoa kaivoksella käytettävistä mittalaitteista sekä niiden käytöstä löytyi internetistä ja kokeneemmilta kaivosmittaajilta kaivoksella. Opinnäytetyötä voidaan tarvittaessa käyttää tulevaisuudessa uuden kaivosmittaajan tutustuttamiseen Kittilän maanalaiseen kaivokseen. Työstä voi olla myös hyötyä henkilöille, jotka miettivät, millaista kaivosmittaajana työskentely on nykyaikaisessa maanalaisessa kaivoksessa tai jotka haluaisivat suunnata opintonsa kaivosalalle mittaajan tehtäviin.The purpose of this thesis was to introduce mine surveying at the Agnico Eagle Kittilä mine. The Kittilä mine is currently the biggest gold mine in Europe. This thesis focused on the skills that a mine surveyor needs on a daily basis. All the mine surveyors` tasks were described individually. The thesis gave a general overview of underground mining operations and mining cycles. In addition, safety issues and different challenges that a surveyor meets were also described. The thesis was written by using previously published literature of land surveying and Agnico Eagle Finland`s internal guidelines. Technical information of surveying equipment and how to use them were found from the Internet. The mine surveyors’ previous experience was also used in this thesis. The thesis can be used as an introduction to underground mine surveying for new employees at the Kittilä mine. The thesis gave information about the work in a modern underground mine. The thesis was aimed at persons considering studies in the in the field of mining