Influence of bioactive particles and onium salt on physical-chemical properties of experimental infiltrants

Orientador: Giselle Maria Marchi BaronTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência do hexafluorofosfato de difeniliodônio (DFI) e da adição do vidro bioativo 58S (VBA) e nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita (HAp) nas propriedades físicas e bioatividade de infiltrantes experimentais. Seis grupos experimentais e um grupo comercial foram utilizados no estudo (Icon). Os grupos experimentais foram compostos de 75% TEGDMA e 25% Bis-EMA e o sistema fotoiniciador de 0,5 mol% de canforoquinona (CQ) e 1 mol% dimetilaminoetil benzoato (EDAB). Após a manipulação das bases monoméricas, foram adicionados ou não 0,5mol% de DFI, 10% de BAG produzido pelo método sol-gel ou nanopartículas de HAp. Todas as manipulações foram realizadas em ambiente com temperatura controlada (25 ºC). A cristalinidade dos infiltrantes foi avaliada qualitativamente após imersão das amostras em FCS (Fluido Corporal Simulado) em diferentes períodos (6h, 1 dia, 3 dias e 7 dias) por meio da difração de raios X (DRX), espectrometria FT-IR e MEV para caracterização das partículas (n=1). Foram realizadas a avaliação da cinética de polimerização e o grau de conversão (GC, n=3), sorção em água, solubilidade (n=10), e viscosidade (n=3). Todos os corpos de prova foram polimerizados com fonte de luz LED, durante 40 segundos (Valo, Ultradent) para os corpos de prova imersos em FCS e para sorção e solubilidade. O tempo total de fotoativação para a cinética de polimerização foi de 5 minutos. Para as análises quantitativas, comparações estatísticas entre os grupos foram feitas usando análise de variância (ANOVA 1 fator) e teste de Tukey, com significância de 5%. Para todos os tempos de imersão no FCS, não foi detectada presença de cristalinidade nos grupos com VBA. DRX e FT-IR demonstraram presença de fase cristalina da HAp nos grupos com HAp. Icon e grupo com VBA sem DFI apresentaram menor grau de conversão em 40s (< 50%) e taxa de polimerização, enquanto a presença de HAp aumentou esses valores. DFI só aumentou a taxa de polimerização e GC em 40s para o grupo com VBA. Após 5 minutos de fotoativação todos os grupos apresentaram GC acima de 80%. Grupos com HAp apresentaram maior viscosidade, porém DFI diminuiu a viscosidade para os grupos com partículas. As partículas não influenciaram a sorção de água. A maior sorção de água foi apresentada pelo Icon. Não houve diferenças estatísticas para os valores de solubilidade. Pode-se concluir que a adição de 10% de VBA não melhora as propriedades físico-químicas estudadas nem produz efeito bioativo nos infiltrantes testados. Além disso, o DFI reduz a viscosidade gerada pela adição de partículas, bem como atenua a diminuição do GC promovida pela adição de VBAAbstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (onium salt - DPI) and the addition of 58S bioactive glass (BAG) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp) on physical properties and bioactivity of experimental infiltrants. Six experimental groups and one commercial control (Icon) were studied. The experimental groups were composed by 75% wt TEGDMA and 25% wt Bis-EMA, the photoinitiator system was 0.5 mol% camphorquinone (CQ) and 1 mol% dimethylaminoethyl benzoate (EDAB). After manipulation of the blends, 0.5 mol% DPI, 10% BAG produced by the sol-gel method or HAp nanoparticles were added or not. Icon was used as a commercial control. All manipulations were performed in an environment with temperature (25 ºC). The crystallinity of the infiltrants was qualitatively evaluated after immersion of the samples in SBF (Stimulated Body Fluid) at different periods (6h, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days) by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectrometry and SEM for characterization of the particles (n=1). Polymerization kinetics and degree of conversion (DC, n= 3), water sorption and solubility (n= 10) and viscosity (n = 3) were performed. All specimens were polymerized with LED light source for 40 seconds (Valo, Ultradent) for samples immersed in SBF and water sorption and solubility. For polymerization kinetics the total time of photoactivation was 5 minutes. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Tukey's test with significance of 5%. After all periods of immersion in the SBF, no crystallinity was detected in the groups with BAG. XRD and FT-IR demonstrated presence of HAp crystalline phase in HAp groups. Icon and group B-BAG showed a lower degree of conversion (DC) in 40s (<50%) and polymerization rate, while the presence of HAp increased these values. DPI only increased the polymerization rate and DC in 40s for the BAG group. After 5 minutes of photoactivation, all groups presented DC above 80%. HAp groups showed higher viscosity, but DPI decreased the viscosity for groups with particles. The particles did not influence the sorption. The highest water sorption was presented by Icon. There were no statistical differences for solubility values. It can be concluded that the addition of 10% 58S BAG does not improve the physical-chemical properties studied nor produce bioactive effect. DPI reduces the viscosity presented by particles addition besides attenuate the DC decreasing promoted by BAG additionDoutoradoDentísticaDoutora em Clínica Odontológica140950/2017-688881.188490/2018-12017/14378-6CNPQCAPESFAPES

Physico‑chemical analysis of the oleoresin and genetic variability of copaiba in the Tapajós National Forest, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o óleo‑resina da copaíba (Copaifera reticulata) e estimar, por meio de marcadores microssatélites, a variabilidade genética da espécie na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós,  PA. A amostragem foi realizada em duas áreas, distanciadas de 5 km, em 136 árvores. A diversidade genética foi avaliada com seis marcadores microssatélites derivados de C. langsdorffii, e o óleo obtido de 30 árvores (15 de cada área) foi caracterizado em termos físicos e químicos. O óleo C. reticulata apresenta aspecto líquido, fino, odor fraco e de coloração amarelo‑dourada (73,3% das plantas), com viscosidade muito variável (18 a 187 Pa‑s) e densidade média de 0,975±0,049 g cm-3. O índice de acidez variou de 9,62 a 10,17 mg g-1 de KOH e o de saponificação de 100,63 a 109,84 mg g-1. A análise molecular identificou 78 alelos, com média de 13 por loco. A heterozigosidade esperada variou 0,59 a 0,85 (média de 0,75), com nível de endogamia de 0,375 a 0,419. Houve pouca diferenciação genética entre as populações das diferentes áreas de coleta (FST = 0,030), mas a variabilidade foi maior entre os grupos genéticos detectados pelo programa Structure (FST = 0,070). Essa maior variabilidade indica que não há ameaças à conservação genética da copaíba, em médio prazo.The objective of this work was to characterize the oleoresin of copaiba (Copaifera reticulata) and to estimate genetic variability of the species in the Tapajós National Forest, PA, Brazil, using microsatellite markers. Sampling was performed in two areas, 5 km apart, in 136 trees. Genetic diversity was evaluated with six microsatellite markers derived from C. langsdorffii, and the oleoresin obtained from 30 trees (15 from each area) was physically and chemically characterized. Oleoresin from C. reticulate has a liquid, thin aspect, with a weak odor and yellowish‑gilded color (73.3% of the plants), highly variable viscosity (18 to 187 Pa-s), and mean density of 0,975±0,049 g cm-3. Its acidity index varied from 9.62 to 10.17 mg g-1 of KOH and the saponification index from 100.63 to 109.84 mg g-1. The molecular analysis identified 78 alleles, with an average of 13 per locus. The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.59 to 0.85 (mean of 0.75) and the inbreeding level, from 0.375 to 0.419. The genetic differentiation between populations in the different sampling areas was low (FST = 0.030), but the variability was higher between the genetic groups detected by Structure software (FST = 0.070). This higher variability indicates that the genetic diversity of copaiba is not threatened in the mid‑term

Análise físico-química do óleo-resina e variabilidade genética de copaíba na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

The objective of this work was to characterize the oleoresin of copaiba (Copaifera reticulata) and to estimate genetic variability of the species in the Tapajós National Forest, PA, Brazil, using microsatellite markers. Sampling was performed in two areas, 5 km apart, in 136 trees. Genetic diversity was evaluated with six microsatellite markers derived from C. langsdorffii, and the oleoresin obtained from 30 trees (15 from each area) was physically and chemically characterized. Oleoresin from C. reticulate has a liquid, thin aspect, with a weak odor and yellowish-gilded color (73.3% of the plants), highly variable viscosity (18 to 187 Pa-s), and mean density of 0,975±0,049 g cm-3. Its acidity index varied from 9.62 to 10.17 mg g-1 of KOH and the saponification index from 100.63 to 109.84 mg g-1. The molecular analysis identified 78 alleles, with an average of 13 per locus. The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.59 to 0.85 (mean of 0.75) and the inbreeding level, from 0.375 to 0.419. The genetic differentiation between populations in the different sampling areas was low (FST = 0.030), but the variability was higher between the genetic groups detected by Structure software (FST = 0.070). This higher variability indicates that the genetic diversity of copaiba is not threatened in the mid-term

Experiência, teoria e ação : práticas pedagógicas de ensino de língua portuguesa

-Este livro apresenta ações pedagógicas de ensino de língua portuguesa e literatura implementadas no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Letras da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Em uma perspectiva de pesquisa ação, foram desenvolvidas intervenções em sala de aula de ensino básico, pautadas em abordagens teóricas recentes. As motivações, etapas de intervenção, bases teóricas, experiências e resultados das intervenções são expostos e discutidos na obra como forma de incentivar a replicação de ações exitosas de ensino de língua materna

Análise físico-química do óleo-resina e variabilidade genética de copaíba na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o óleo-resina da copaíba (Copaifera reticulata) e estimar, por meio de marcadores microssatélites, a variabilidade genética da espécie na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, PA. A amostragem foi realizada em duas áreas, distanciadas de 5 km, em 136 árvores. A diversidade genética foi avaliada com seis marcadores microssatélites derivados de C. langsdorffii, e o óleo obtido de 30 árvores (15 de cada área) foi caracterizado em termos físicos e químicos. O óleo C. reticulata apresenta aspecto líquido, fino, odor fraco e de coloração amarelo-dourada (73,3% das plantas), com viscosidade muito variável (18 a 187 Pa-s) e densidade média de 0,975±0,049 g cm-3. O índice de acidez variou de 9,62 a 10,17 mg g-1 de KOH e o de saponificação de 100,63 a 109,84 mg g-1. A análise molecular identificou 78 alelos, com média de 13 por loco. A heterozigosidade esperada variou 0,59 a 0,85 (média de 0,75), com nível de endogamia de 0,375 a 0,419. Houve pouca diferenciação genética entre as populações das diferentes áreas de coleta (F ST = 0,030), mas a variabilidade foi maior entre os grupos genéticos detectados pelo programa Structure (F ST = 0,070). Essa maior variabilidade indica que não há ameaças à conservação genética da copaíba, em médio prazo

Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests

Funding: Data collection was largely funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) project TREMOR (NE/N004655/1) to D.G., E.G. and O.P., with further funds from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001) to J.V.T. and a University of Leeds Climate Research Bursary Fund to J.V.T. D.G., E.G. and O.P. acknowledge further support from a NERC-funded consortium award (ARBOLES, NE/S011811/1). This paper is an outcome of J.V.T.’s doctoral thesis, which was sponsored by CAPES (GDE 99999.001293/2015-00). J.V.T. was previously supported by the NERC-funded ARBOLES project (NE/S011811/1) and is supported at present by the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (grant no. 2019-03758 to R.M.). E.G., O.P. and D.G. acknowledge support from NERC-funded BIORED grant (NE/N012542/1). O.P. acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. R.S.O. was supported by a CNPq productivity scholarship, the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-Microsoft 11/52072-0) and the US Department of Energy, project GoAmazon (FAPESP 2013/50531-2). M.M. acknowledges support from MINECO FUN2FUN (CGL2013-46808-R) and DRESS (CGL2017-89149-C2-1-R). C.S.-M., F.B.V. and P.R.L.B. were financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001). C.S.-M. received a scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 140353/2017-8) and CAPES (science without borders 88881.135316/2016-01). Y.M. acknowledges the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and ERC Advanced Investigator Grant (GEM-TRAITS, 321131) for supporting the Global Ecosystems Monitoring (GEM) network (gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk), within which some of the field sites (KEN, TAM and ALP) are nested. The authors thank Brazil–USA Collaborative Research GoAmazon DOE-FAPESP-FAPEAM (FAPESP 2013/50533-5 to L.A.) and National Science Foundation (award DEB-1753973 to L. Alves). They thank Serrapilheira Serra-1709-18983 (to M.H.) and CNPq-PELD/POPA-441443/2016-8 (to L.G.) (P.I. Albertina Lima). They thank all the colleagues and grants mentioned elsewhere [8,36] that established, identified and measured the Amazon forest plots in the RAINFOR network analysed here. The authors particularly thank J. Lyod, S. Almeida, F. Brown, B. Vicenti, N. Silva and L. Alves. This work is an outcome approved Research Project no. 19 from ForestPlots.net, a collaborative initiative developed at the University of Leeds that unites researchers and the monitoring of their permanent plots from the world’s tropical forests [61]. The authros thank A. Levesley, K. Melgaço Ladvocat and G. Pickavance for ForestPlots.net management. They thank Y. Wang and J. Baker, respectively, for their help with the map and with the climatic data. The authors acknowledge the invaluable help of M. Brum for kindly providing the comparison of vulnerability curves based on PAD and on PLC shown in this manuscript. They thank J. Martinez-Vilalta for his comments on an early version of this manuscript. The authors also thank V. Hilares and the Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral (AIDER, Puerto Maldonado, Peru); V. Saldaña and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) for local field campaign support in Peru; E. Chavez and Noel Kempff Natural History Museum for local field campaign support in Bolivia; ICMBio, INPA/NAPPA/LBA COOMFLONA (Cooperativa mista da Flona Tapajós) and T. I. Bragança-Marituba for the research support.Tropical forests face increasing climate risk1,2, yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, Ψ50) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM50) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk3-5, little is known about how these vary across Earth's largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters Ψ50 and HSM50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both Ψ50 and HSM50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth-mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM50 in the Amazon6,7, with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications