Analisis Kelemahan dan Kelebihan Hasil Amandemen Undang-undang Dasar 1945

The amendment of the 1945 Constitution is inevitable as one of the agenda of the reformation in order to get out of the political crisis, law crisis, economic crisis and moral crisis. This study analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the amendment that has been widely criticized by legal and political observers, since the paradigm built has not been able to be used as baselines to build an effective government. The result of the amendment has not been able to significantly promise upon the value construction and state design that would be built. The weakness also lies in the amendment process since it was more monopolized by the members of People\u27s Consultative Assembly, by not involving the society at large. Comprehensive amendment needs to be done to redesign the strengthening of state institutions in order to strengthen the presidential system, human rights, regional autonomy, and the relations between central-local governments.Keywords: Weaknesses, strengths, the Amendment of the 1945 Constitutio

The Opaque Portrait of Corruption Eradication

The war against corruption should not only by exposing the various cases of corruption, but the most important thing is to punish the corrupt in an extraordinary way to have a deterrent effect and not replicable by potential criminals that have been queued. Corruption is more structured and systematic, from the center to the regions. In fact, gave birth to a new generation of fat accounts with the discovery of a number of civil servants who are still young. Stop the robbery of money the state cannot just with rhetoric, let alone just a call that seemed hot chicken droppings. Blurred portrait of corruption is characterized by a large number of cases the defendant is acquitted of corruption Anticorruption Court. Similarly, many major cases involving alleged power elite and the ruling political party that is not completed, such as the Bank Century case, the case Hambalang project, as well as allegations of corruption Pensions SEA Games athletes

Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Kewenangan Superbody Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi

Corruption in this country is so massive, structured and systemic superbody requires agencies to eliminate them. Parasites corruption is not only fertile in the executive and legislative body, but also a severe outbreak in the law enforcement bodies such as the police, prosecution and judiciary. So was formed KPK authorized large (superbody) to eradicate corruption, but in reality the corruption remains unimpeded. The Commission does not have authority high effectiveness to uncover cases of corruption, especially relating to tort and abuse of authority

Reflection on the Revision of the Book of the Law of Criminal Law and Law of Criminal Procedure of Indonesia

The Principle of the plan revision or amendment Of the Criminal Law Act and LAW No. 8 of 1981 on the law of criminal procedure (Criminal Code) is something that necessarily, because a number of judgments were not in accordance with the conditions of the present. Criminal Code which came into effect in 1915 during colonial times, many judgments which are not in line with people\u27s lives today. For example, the ban showed, offering, or broadcast a preventive tool is pregnant, regulated in article 534 Criminal Code, although that provision had never been repealed as opposed to family planning programs. It\u27s just that, those changes also should look at the reality of the needs of the community, particularly on corruption eradication efforts which should not be weakened. One of the crucial second revision of draft laws that are a number of provisions which could potentially undermine the spirit of the eradication of corruption, including the weakening of the authority of the corruption eradication Commission (KPK) in dealing with corruption cases

Bunga Rampai Opini Guru Besar Antikorupsi: Memperkuat & Mempertahankan KPK

Rencana Parlemen untuk melakukan Revisi terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (Revisi UU KPK) yang dinilai melemahkan KPK akhirnya tertunda pada akhir Februari 2016 lalu. Penundaan ini setidaknya merupakan respon dari Presiden dan DPR RI terhadap banyaknya penolakan atas rencana Revisi UU KPK. Salah satu kelompok yang menolak Revisi UU KPK adalah para Guru Besar dari Perguruan Tinggi di seluruh Indonesia yang tergabung dalam Forum Guru Besar Tolak Revisi UU KPK

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Sex Differences in Frequency, Severity, and Distribution of Cerebral Microbleeds

Peer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication