Caracterización morfoanatómica de semillas de anón (Annona squamosa L.) y evaluación de algunos parámetros fisiológicos del proceso de germinación y latencia

Con esta investigación se buscó conocer la anatomía de la semilla de anón, los cambios morfoanatómicos y en el contenido de carbohidratos, proteína y actividad peroxidasa durante la germinación, el tipo de latencia y la respuesta a tratamientos germinativos y condiciones de almacenamiento. Se adapto una metodología para el estudio anatómico, logrando alta calidad en los cortes. Se observo que las características anatómicas de la cubierta seminal, el endospermo y el embrión corroboran los datos reportados en la literatura para la familia Annonaceae. Se observo que la germinación de la semillas maduras de A. suamosa L. es un proceso que se presenta en dos etapas separadas y consecutivas: la ruptura de la testa y posteriormente la ruptura del endospermo. La sacarosa fue el azúcar más acumulado en la semillas sin germinar y el más utilizado en el proceso de germinación de semillas de A. squamosa L. En las semillas imbibidas se observó alta actividad enzimática la cual fue 9 y 13 veces mayor que la encontrada en las semillas con ruptura de testa y protrusión de radícula. La proteína disminuyo en la ruptura de la testa mientras que en el proceso de ruptura del endospermo y protrusión de la radícula el contenido de proteína se incrementa. El máximo porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo a una temperatura constante de 35 °C para las semillas provenientes de Cundinamarca y Tolima(58 y 57% respectivamente),igualmente, a esta temperatura se observó un menor TMG, una mayor VMG y un índice de sincronización más bajo. Todos los tratamientos de GA3 sobre las semillas incrementaron los PG en cada punto del tiempo de incubación. En particular la concentración de 600 mg/kg generó las mejores respuestas de PG, TMG, VMG y E. Se postula la hipótesis de que las semillas de A. squamosa L. presentan características de una latencia morfofisiologica compleja no profunda. Se determino que la temperatura ambiente durante 60 y 120 días es las más adecuada para el almacenamiento, ya que se observan altos valores de PG (80%), VMG (0,15 semillas germinadas/día), menores TMG ( 7 dias) y altos niveles de sacarosa (incremento del 72,3%) lo cual es debido a una posible superación de la latencia presente de forma natural, lo que garantiza germinabilidad durante el periodo de almacenamiento de A. squamosa L.Abstract. This study aimed to know the anatomy of sugar apple seed, and carbohydrate, morphoanatomic, protein and peroxidase activity changes during germination, the kind of dormancy and germination response to treatments and storage conditions. We adapted a methodology for anatomical study, achieving high quality cuts. It was observed that the anatomical features of the seed coat, endosperm and embryo corroborate the data reported in family Annonaceae literature. It was observed that germination of mature seeds of A. suamosa L. is a process that occurs in two separate and consecutive stages: the seed coat rupture and later the endosperm rupture. The sucrose was the aim sugar accumulated in ungerminated seeds and the most used in germination process of seed of A. squamosa L. In imbibition the peroxidase enzyme activity was 9 and 13 times higher than that found in the seeds with seed coat rupture and radicle protrusion. The protein content decreased in seed coat rupture while in breaking the endosperm process and radicle protrusion the protein content increases. The maximum percentage of germination was obtained at a constant temperature of 35 ° C for seeds from Cundinamarca and Tolima (58 and 57% respectively), also, this was a lower temperature TMG, VMG and greater synchronization index lower. All GA3 treatments increased the PG on at each point of incubation time. 600 GA3 mg / kg produced the best responses of PG, TMG, VMG and E. It is hypothesized that the seeds of A. squamosa L. exhibit features a complex morphophysiological non deep dormancy. It was determined that the room temperature for 60 and 120 days is the most suitable for storage, due to we observed high values of PG ( 80%), VMG ( 0.15 sprouts / day), lower TMG (7 days) and high levels of sucrose (72.3% increase) which is due to a possible natural broke of the dormancy present in the seeds, which ensures germination during storage period of A. squamosa L.Maestrí

Sugar apple (annona squamosa l., annonaceae) seed germination: morphological and anatomical changes

The anon or sugar apple is a species of the Annona genus, widely distributed in the world and in Colombia and a fruit with great potential in domestic and international markets. However, the technical information related to the aspects of propagation and production is limited. In the present study, the morphological and anatomical changes during seed germination of the sugar apple were determined using histological techniques and photographic records. The results show that seed germination is a process that takes place in two stages: testa rupture and endosperm rupture-radicle protrusion. In the post-germination stages, the induction and formation of lateral roots that were endogenously produced from the primary root from the pericycle were seen. The endosperm underwent morphological changes that increased its volume during imbibition and degraded in the final stages of germination, which could be indicative of endosperm weakening and reduction of mechanical strength imposed by embryo growth, which was required to complete germination in A. squamosa

Identification of Agroclimatic risk areas for dairy livestock systems in Valle de Ubaté y Chiquinquirá and Alto Chicamocha

Páginas 170-183En este estudio se determinó la aptitud agroclimática para el sistema ganadero de leche mediante la formulación del “Índice de Aptitud Agroclimática (IAC)”. El índice se construyó a partir del análisis territorial de variables limitantes como la pendiente, la exposición a heladas, el índice de humedad y temperatura para Bos taurus, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de condiciones de déficit hídrico en el suelo calculado mediante balances hídricos, el número de días sin lluvia y la precipitación media acumulada. El índice agroclimático permitió identificar áreas críticas para el sistema de ganadería en los periodos secos de diciembre a febrero, como primer trimestre seco y de junio a agosto como segundo trimestre seco. Los resultados mostraron que en el primer trimestre seco hay una mayor área con limitaciones agroclimáticas en comparación con el segundo trimestre seco; cerca de 192.369 ha ubicadas en la región del Alto Chicamocha presentaron los valores más bajos del IAC, indicando una menor aptitud agroclimática: Sogamoso, Corrales, Tutazá, Belén, Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Floresta, Nobsa, Sotaquirá, Cerinza, Pesca, Chíquiza, Tausa, Samacá, Cucaita, Sogamoso y Firavitoba fueron los municipios con más baja aptitud agroclimática para los dos periodos secos, tanto en términos de las limitantes evaluadas como del IAC. Las áreas con menores limitaciones (con valores más altos del IAC) se observaron en el 12% del área estudiada y correspondieron principalmente a los municipios de Oicatá y Cuitiva en la región del Alto Chicamocha, y Cucunubá en el valle de Ubaté y Chiquinquirá.ABSTRACT: In this study, the agroclimatic suitability for dairy livestock systems was determined with an “Agroclimatic suitability index (ASI)”. The index was constructed from the territorial analysis of restrictive variables such as slope, frost exposure, Bos taurus temperature and humidity index. The soil water deficit frequency was calculated with water balances, days without rain and accumulated average precipitation. The agroclimatic index identified critical areas for dairy livestock systems in the main dry periods (December to February and June to August). The results showed that in the first dry quarter, there was a larger area with agroclimatic limitations as compared to the second dry quarter. About 192,369 ha, located mainly in the Alto Chicamocha, had the lowest IAC values, indicating a lower agroclimatic suitability. Sogamoso, Corrales, Tutaza, Belen, Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Floresta, Nobsa, Sotaquira, Cerinza, Pesca, Chiquiza, Tausa, Samaca, Cucaita, Sogamoso and Firavitoba were the municipalities with the lowest agroclimatic suitability index for the two dry periods. The areas with the lowest limitations (with higher IAC values) were observed in 12% of the studied area and corresponded mainly to the municipalities of Oicata and Cuitiva in the Alto Chicamocha and Cucunuba in the Valle de Ubate and Chiquinquira.Bibliografía: páginas 181-183.Artículo revisado por pares

Interpolacion Regnie para lluvia y temperatura en las regiones andina, caribe y pacífica de Colombia

A regionalized rain interpolation model: Regionalisierte Niederschlage (REGNIE) was implemented to interpolate rain and average air temperature for the Andean, Caribbean and Pacific Regions in Colombia. This model integrated terrain slope and aspect obtained  from the digital elevation model and the climatological average of 1440 precipitation time series and 259 temperature time series registered in the same number of weather stations for each variable. Multiple linear regression models of annual rainfall and annual average air temperature were obtained according to the model and geoprocessing tools were used for the generation of interpolated surfaces. Statistical results of REGNIE surfaces were similar to those obtained with SPLINE and IDW methods for precipitation (determination coefficient of 0.81 and 55.6 mm mean error) and better for average mean temperature (coefficient of determination 0.99 and average error of 0.02 °C).Se utilizó el modelo regionalizado de lluvia Regionalisierte Niederschlage (Regnie) para interpolar la lluvia y temperatura media del aire de las regiones Andina, Caribe y Pacífica de Colombia. Este modelo integró los datos de la pendiente y exposición del terreno obtenidos del modelo digital de elevación, así como los promedios climatológicos de 1440 series de precipitación y 258 series de temperatura registradas en igual número de estaciones meteorológicas de superficie para cada variable. Se establecieron los modelos de regresión lineal múltiple de la precipitación media anual y temperatura media anual del aire, además se utilizaron herramientas de geoprocesamiento para la generación de las superficies interpoladas. Los estadísticos de prueba de las superficies Regnie fueron similares a los obtenidos con interpolaciones con los métodos Spline e IDW para precipitación (coeficiente de determinación 0.81 y error medio de 55.6 mm) y mejores para la temperatura media (coeficiente de determinación 0.99 y error medio de 0.02°C).

Alternativas de desarrollo agropecuario con proyección sostenible para el distrito de riego del Zulia y su zona de influencia

La asociación de usuarios del Distrito de Adecuación de Tierras de Gran Escala del Río Zulia (ASOZULIA) Norte de Santander, con un área de influencia de 45.536 hectáreas, está interesada en la planificación productiva de su territorio. Dentro de sus actividades agropecuarias se encuentran el arroz (12.000 a 17.000 ha), la palma de aceite (1.534 ha), cítricos (limón, naranja; 346 ha), caña de azúcar (100 ha) y la ganadería. Su principal sistema de producción durante más de 50 años es el cultivo de arroz, sistema que presenta reducción de la productividad (7 a 3 tha), degradación del suelo y problemas de plagas y enfermedades, debido entre otros al uso continuo del fangueo como sistema de preparación de suelos. Adicionalmente, a pesar de tener el distrito de riego del río Zulia una concesión de 13,5 m3.s1, en épocas de verano la oferta hidrica es mucho menor como, por ejemplo, la correspondiente a los meses de febrero a marzo de 2016, con un caudal en la bocatoma del distrito de 10,8 m3s'y una captación real del distrito de solo 6 m.s' Asimismo, la construcción del nuevo acueducto para el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Cúcuta tomará 2,95 m3s del caudal antes de la bocatoma que provee agua al distrito, lo que disminuirá aún más la disponibilidad de agua para riego en esa región. Por lo anterior, se requiere la recuperación de los suelos para el establecimiento de nuevos sistemas productivos que demanden un menor consumo de agua y sean una alternativa viable para los productores.Acelga-Remolacha de hoja, Beta vulgaris var. Cicl

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

Peer reviewe

Upscaling Gross Primary Production from Leaf to Canopy for Potato Crop (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract: Estimating gross primary production (GPP) is important to understand the land–atmosphere CO2 exchange for major agroecosystems. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide accurate and reliable information about GPP, but flux measurements are often not available. Upscaling strategies gain importance as an alternative to the limitations of the use of the EC. Although the potato provides an important agroecosystem for worldwide carbon balance, there are currently no studies on potato GPP upscaling processes. This study reports two GPP scaling-up approaches from the detailed leaflevel characterization of gas exchange of potatoes. Multilayer and big leaf approaches were applied for extrapolating chamber and biometric measurements from leaf to canopy. Measurements of leaf area index and photosynthesis were performed from planting to the end of the canopy life cycle using an LP-80 ceptometer and an IRGA Li-Cor 6800, respectively. The results were compared to concurrent measurements of surface–atmosphere GPP from the EC measurements. Big-leaf models were able to simulate the general trend of GPP during the growth cycle, but they overestimated the GPP during the maximum LAI phase. Multilayer models correctly reproduced the behavior of potato GPP and closely predicted both: the daily magnitude and half-hourly variation in GPP when compared to EC measurements. Upscaling is a reliable alternative, but a good treatment of LAI and the photosynthetic light-response curves are decisive factors to achieve better GPP estimates. The results improved the knowledge of the biophysical control in the carbon fluxes of the potato crop

Gross Primary Production of Rainfed and Irrigated Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Colombian Andean Region Using Eddy Covariance Technique

Abstract: Potato farming is relevant for global carbon balances and greenhouse emissions, of which gross primary productivity (GPP) is one of the main drivers. In this study, the net carbon ecosystem exchange (NEE) was measured using the Eddy Covariance (EC) method in two potato crops, one of them with an irrigation system, the other under rainfed conditions. Accurate NEE partition into GPP and ecosystem respiration (RECO) was carried out by fitting a light response curve. Direct measurements of dry weight and leaf area were performed from sowing to the end of canopy life cycle and tuber bulking. Agricultural drought in the rainfed crop resulted in limited GPP rate, low leaf area index (LAI), and low canopy carbon assimilation response to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Hence, in this crop, there was lower efficiency in tuber biomass gain and NEE sum indicated net carbon emissions to atmosphere (NEE = 154.7 g C m?2 ± 30.21). In contrast, the irrigated crop showed higher GPP rate and acted as a carbon sink (NEE = ?366.6 g C m?2 ± 50.30). Our results show, the environmental and productive benefits of potato crops grown under optimal water supply

Upscaling Gross Primary Production from Leaf to Canopy for Potato Crop (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Estimating gross primary production (GPP) is important to understand the land–atmosphere CO2 exchange for major agroecosystems. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide accurate and reliable information about GPP, but flux measurements are often not available. Upscaling strategies gain importance as an alternative to the limitations of the use of the EC. Although the potato provides an important agroecosystem for worldwide carbon balance, there are currently no studies on potato GPP upscaling processes. This study reports two GPP scaling-up approaches from the detailed leaf-level characterization of gas exchange of potatoes. Multilayer and big leaf approaches were applied for extrapolating chamber and biometric measurements from leaf to canopy. Measurements of leaf area index and photosynthesis were performed from planting to the end of the canopy life cycle using an LP-80 ceptometer and an IRGA Li-Cor 6800, respectively. The results were compared to concurrent measurements of surface–atmosphere GPP from the EC measurements. Big-leaf models were able to simulate the general trend of GPP during the growth cycle, but they overestimated the GPP during the maximum LAI phase. Multilayer models correctly reproduced the behavior of potato GPP and closely predicted both: the daily magnitude and half-hourly variation in GPP when compared to EC measurements. Upscaling is a reliable alternative, but a good treatment of LAI and the photosynthetic light-response curves are decisive factors to achieve better GPP estimates. The results improved the knowledge of the biophysical control in the carbon fluxes of the potato crop

Upscaling Gross Primary Production from Leaf to Canopy for Potato Crop (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L.)

Estimating gross primary production (GPP) is important to understand the land–atmosphere CO2 exchange for major agroecosystems. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide accurate and reliable information about GPP, but flux measurements are often not available. Upscaling strategies gain importance as an alternative to the limitations of the use of the EC. Although the potato provides an important agroecosystem for worldwide carbon balance, there are currently no studies on potato GPP upscaling processes. This study reports two GPP scaling-up approaches from the detailed leaf-level characterization of gas exchange of potatoes. Multilayer and big leaf approaches were applied for extrapolating chamber and biometric measurements from leaf to canopy. Measurements of leaf area index and photosynthesis were performed from planting to the end of the canopy life cycle using an LP-80 ceptometer and an IRGA Li-Cor 6800, respectively. The results were compared to concurrent measurements of surface–atmosphere GPP from the EC measurements. Big-leaf models were able to simulate the general trend of GPP during the growth cycle, but they overestimated the GPP during the maximum LAI phase. Multilayer models correctly reproduced the behavior of potato GPP and closely predicted both: the daily magnitude and half-hourly variation in GPP when compared to EC measurements. Upscaling is a reliable alternative, but a good treatment of LAI and the photosynthetic light-response curves are decisive factors to achieve better GPP estimates. The results improved the knowledge of the biophysical control in the carbon fluxes of the potato crop