what role for central banking and supervisors to build a climate and environmental resilient financial system

O conceito de ‘Finanças Verdes’ surgiu como uma resposta à necessidade de compatibilizar a economia global com os esforços para combater as alterações climáticas e assim, prosseguir um desenvolvimento ambientalmente sustentável. Para o sistema financeiro, esta abordagem implica tratar dos riscos financeiros relacionados com o clima, que resultam dos impactos adversos das alterações climáticas, assim como das externalidades negativas decorrentes da transição para uma economia neutra na emissão de carbono. No entanto, os bancos centrais e os quadros regulamentares existentes negligenciaram até então estas fontes de risco, resultando numa ausência de informação financeira e nãofinanceira relativa à exposição dos bancos a riscos climáticos e numa potencial falta de credibilidade em produtos financeiros verdes e sustentáveis. Esta pesquisa visa definir, caracterizar e analisar os riscos financeiros relacionados com o clima no sector bancário, incluindo os desafios de adaptação das carteiras de empréstimos aos fatores de transmissão micro e macroeconómicos de riscos físicos e transitórios. Em particular, centra-se no papel da regulação e supervisão financeira, bem como dos bancos centrais no panorama internacional e, em particular, da União Europeia, a fim de assegurar um sistema financeiro sólido e estável face aos crescentes impactos adversos das alterações climáticas, nomeadamente na transformação dos fundamentos económicos e na mudança das preferências dos consumidores em direção a uma economia sustentável. Esse papel poderá implicar um alargamento dos mandatos dos supervisores financeiros e dos bancos centrais a fim de considerarem fatores de sustentabilidade nas suas tomadas de decisão. Seguindo uma abordagem tradicional baseada no risco, analisam-se os principais instrumentos micro e macroprudenciais à luz dos três pilares dos Acordos de Basileia, bem como possíveis alterações à política monetária e aos seus instrumentos financeiros tradicionais.The concept of "Green Finance" emerged as a response to the need of aligning the global economy with the efforts to fight climate change and thus, pursuing an environmentally sustainable development. For the financial system, this includes addressing climate-related financial risks, which arise from the adverse impacts of climate change, and the negative externalities of the transition to a carbonneutral economy. However, central banks and the existing regulatory frameworks have traditionally neglected these sources of risk, resulting in a lack of financial and non-financial information on banks' exposure to climate risks and a lack of trust in green and sustainable financial products. This research aims to define, characterise and analyse climate-related financial risks in the banking sector, including the challenges in adapting lending portfolios to physical and transitional micro and macroeconomic transmission channels. In particular, it focuses on the role of financial regulation and supervision, as well as central banks, in the international landscape (especially in the context of the European Union) to ensure a sound and stable financial system in light of the rising negative effects of climate change, the changing economic fundamentals, and shifting consumer preferences towards a sustainable economy. Furthermore, supervisors and central banks may be persuaded to prioritise sustainability factors in their decision-making processes, which may entail an extension of their mandates. Using a traditional risk-based approach, key micro and macroprudential instruments are analysed in the light of the three pillars of the Basel Accords, as well as possible changes to monetary policy and its traditional financial instruments

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests

Proyecto, investigación e innovación en urbanismo, arquitectura y diseño industrial

Actas de congresoLas VII Jornadas de Investigación “Encuentro y Reflexión” y I Jornadas de Investigación de becarios y doctorandos. Proyecto, investigación e innovación en Urbanismo, Arquitectura y Diseño Industrial se centraron en cuatro ejes: el proyecto; la dimensión tecnológica y la gestión; la dimensión social y cultural y la enseñanza en Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño Industrial, sustentados en las líneas prioritarias de investigación definidas epistemológicamente en el Consejo Asesor de Ciencia y Tecnología de esta Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Con el objetivo de afianzar continuidad, formación y transferencia de métodos, metodología y recursos se incorporó becarios y doctorandos de los Institutos de investigación. La Comisión Honoraria la integraron las tres Secretarias de Investigación de la Facultad, arquitectas Marta Polo, quien fundó y María del Carmen Franchello y Nora Gutiérrez Crespo quienes continuaron la tradición de la buena práctica del debate en la cotidianeidad de la propia Facultad. Los textos que conforman las VII Jornadas son los avances y resultados de las investigaciones realizadas en el bienio 2016-2018.Fil: Novello, María Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Repiso, Luciana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Mir, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Brizuela, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Herrera, Fernanda. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Períes, Lucas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Romo, Claudia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Gordillo, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Elena Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentin

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Configuring care management in different settings where nurses work in healthcare: a scoping review

This work consists of a scoping review to answer the question: What are the attributes that makeup care management in different settings where nurses work? The review will be based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) recommendations, to map national and international scientific evidence on the attributes that shape care management in different scenarios where nurses work. Thus, studies published in journals, theses, dissertations, and monographs, among other studies, will be included, which present any study, with qualitative or quantitative approaches, made available in full in English, Spanish, Portuguese, in any period of publication and present the term "care management" in the title or abstract. The exclusion criteria are studies that are not available in full, studies that cannot be purchased, studies with no abstract available and texts from the internet, editorials, theoretical essays, and reflective texts that do not present results on the theme in focus. The searches will be carried out in the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, BVS/LILACS, Embase, Cochrane Library, and sources of national and international dissertations and theses, as well as programs and documents on the subject. After the search, the reading will be carried out in two stages. Firstly, two researchers will independently read the title and abstract to select the studies that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. If there are any differences at this stage, a third researcher will assess the differences. The studies included in this stage will be read in their entirety by two independent researchers, with the presence of a third evaluator in case of divergence. Finally, the eligible studies will be analyzed, and the data will be extracted to achieve the objective

Litter inputs and standing stocks in riparian zones and streams under secondary forest and managed and abandoned cocoa agroforestry systems

Background Cocoa is an important tropical tree crop that is mainly cultivated in agroforestry systems (AFS). This system, known as cabruca in northeastern Brazil, holds promise to reconcile biodiversity conservation and economic development. However, since cocoa AFS alters forest structure composition, it can affect litter dynamics in riparian zones and streams. Thus, our objective was to determine litter inputs and standing stocks in riparian zones and streams under three types of forest: managed cocoa AFS, abandoned cocoa AFS, and secondary forest. Methods We determined terrestrial litter fall (TI), vertical (VI) and lateral (LI) litter inputs to streams, and litter standing stocks on streambeds (BS) in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Litter was collected every 30 days from August 2018 to July 2019 using custom-made traps. The litter was dried, separated into four fractions (leaves, branches, reproductive organs, and miscellaneous material) and weighed. Results Terrestrial litter fall was similar in all forests, ranging from 89 g m−2 month−1 in secondary forest (SF) to 96 g m−2 month−1 in abandoned cocoa AFS (AC). Vertical input were higher in AC (82 g m−2 month−1) and MC (69 g m−2 month−1) than in SF (40 g m−2 month−1), whereas lateral input were higher in MC (43 g m−2 month−1) than in AC (15 g m−2 month−1) and SF (24 g m−2 month−1). Standing stocks followed the order SF > AC > MC, corresponding to 425, 299 and 152 g m−2. Leaves contributed most to all litter fractions in all forests. Reproductive plant parts accounted for a larger proportion in managed AFS. Branches and miscellaneous litter were also similar in all forests, except for higher benthic standing stocks of miscellaneous litter in the SF. Despite differences in the amounts of litter inputs and standing stocks among the forests, seasonal patterns in the abandoned AFS (AC) were more similar to those of the secondary forest (SF) than the managed AFS, suggesting potential of abandoned AFS to restore litter dynamics resembling those of secondary forests

Percepção do ambiente mar pela comunidade pesqueira e a perspectiva de perpetuação da cultura e profissão de pesca

Environmental awareness is a key factor in the activity of workers who depend directly on the environment for their livelihood, such as artisanal fishermen. This study aimed to report the environmental awareness of artisanal fishermen from Rua Japão in São Vicente-SP, and assess the possibility of perpetuating the occupation from father to son. We interviewed six fishermen. Among the points mentioned, they highlight the importance of sea preservation, as well as the role of the sea as food provider and its economic importance. They characterized the sea in the region as polluted, attributing this pollution to the port activities, recent major accidents nearby and the advance of urbanization. The prospect of perpetuating the profession is minimal, since the fishermen do not encourage their sons to follow in the profession because of the pollution and low financial return.A percepção ambiental é um fator determinante na atividade de trabalhadores que dependem diretamente do meio ambiente para o seu sustento, como é o caso dos pescadores artesanais. Nessa perspectiva a presente pesquisa como objetivo relatar a percepção ambiental dos pescadores tradicionais da Rua Japão, em São Vicente-SP, e avaliar a possibilidade de perpetuação da profissão de pai para filho. Foram entrevistados seis pescadores. Entre os pontos mais citados, destacam-se a importância ambiental da preservação do mar, o seu papel como provedor de alimentos e sua importância econômica. Caracterizaram o mar da região como poluído, atribuindo essa poluição às atividades portuárias, a grandes acidentes recentes nas proximidades e ao avanço da urbanização. A perspectiva de perpetuação da profissão é mínima, uma vez que os pescadores não incentivam os filhos por conta da poluição e baixo retorno financeiro

Chemical Approach to the Optimization of Conditions Using HS-SPME/GC–MS for Characterization of Volatile Compounds in Eugenia brasiliensis Fruit

Grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) is a native fruit of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, belonging to the Myrtaceae family, which designatesthe most significant number of species with food potential. It stands out due to its phytochemical characteristics because of the presence of polyphenols and volatile organic compounds. Volatile compounds are substances released by foods that give off an aroma and influence flavor. Solid-phase microextraction is a technique that allows for low-cost, fast, and solvent-free extraction, has an affinity for numerous analytes, and is easily coupled to gas chromatography. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficiency of different fibers of SPME (solid-phase microextraction) in the extraction of volatile organic compounds from grumixama pulp; optimize a method for extraction time, temperature, and sample weight; and to determine the characteristic volatile profile of this fruit. For the extraction of volatile compounds, three fibers of different polarities were used: polar polyacrylate (PA) fibers, divinylbenzene/carboxyne/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) semipolar fibers, and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB). Fourteen volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by DVB/CAR/PDMS, six by PA, and seven by PDMS/DVB through solid-phase microextraction in the headspace mode (SPME-HS). Considering the total number of compounds identified, regardless of the fiber used, and the optimization of the method, Eugenia brasiliensis presented sesquiterpene fractions (85.7%, 83.3%, and 85.7% of total VOCs) higher than the monoterpene fractions (14.3%, 16.7%, and 14.3%) for DVB/CAR/PDMS, PA, and PDMS/DVB, respectively in its composition. In addition, it was possible to verify that the fiber DVB/CAR/PDMS presented a better efficiency due to the larger chromatographic area observed when the grumixama pulp was subjected to conditions of 75 °C, 2.0 g, and an adsorption time of 20 min