Resting Muscle Shear Modulus Measured With Ultrasound Shear-Wave Elastography as an Alternative Tool to Assess Muscle Fatigue in Humans

The aim of this study was to investigate the time course of the resting vastus lateralis (VL) muscle shear elastic modulus (μ) measured with ultrasound shear-wave elastography during repetition of isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the knee extensors (KE). Fifteen well-trained young males repeated 60 5-s isometric MVCs. Evoked electrical stimulations and the VLμ were measured every ten MVCs at rest. The resting VLμ significantly decreased (−34.7 ± 6.7%; P < 0.001) by the end of the fatigue protocol. There was also a 38.4 ± 12.6 % decrease in MVC after exercise (P < 0.001). The potentiated doublet and single twitch torque amplitudes and properties were significantly modified by the end of exercise (P < 0.001). This study shows the time course of the resting VLμ during the repetition of maximal voluntary fatiguing exercise of the KE muscles. The decrease of the resting VLμ could directly affect the force transmission capabilities accounting for peripheral fatigue

Variation in renal responses to exercise in the heat with progressive acclimatisation

Objectives To investigate changes in renal status from exercise in the heat with acclimatisation and to evaluate surrogates markers of Acute Kidney Injury. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Methods 20 male volunteers performed 60 min standardised exercise in the heat, at baseline and on four subsequent occasions during a 23-day acclimatisation regimen. Blood was sampled before and after exercise for serum creatinine, copeptin, interleukin-6, normetanephrine and cortisol. Fractional excretion of sodium was calculated for corresponding urine samples. Ratings of Perceived Exertion were reported every 5 min during exercise. Acute Kidney Injury was defined as serum creatinine rise ≥26.5 μmol L−1 or fall in estimated glomerular filtration rate >25%. Predictive values of each candidate marker for developing Acute Kidney Injury were determined by ROC analysis. Results From baseline to Day 23, serum creatinine did not vary at rest, but showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction post-exercise (120 [102, 139] versus 102 [91, 112] μmol L−1). Acute Kidney Injury was common (26/100 exposures) and occurred most frequently in the unacclimatised state. Log-normalised fractional excretion of sodium showed a significant interaction (exercise by acclimatization day), with post-exercise values tending to rise with acclimatisation. Ratings of Perceived Exertion predicted AKI (AUC 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.88), performing at least as well as biochemical markers. Conclusions Heat acclimatization is associated with reduced markers of renal stress and AKI incidence, perhaps due to improved regional perfusion. Acclimatisation and monitoring Ratings of Perceived Exertion are practical, non-invasive measures that could help to reduce renal injury from exercise in the heat

Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel : Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance

© Copyright © 2019 Parsons, Stacey and Woods. The study of heat adaptation in military personnel offers generalizable insights into a variety of sporting, recreational and occupational populations. Conversely, certain characteristics of military employment have few parallels in civilian life, such as the imperative to achieve mission objectives during deployed operations, the opportunity to undergo training and selection for elite units or the requirement to fulfill essential duties under prolonged thermal stress. In such settings, achieving peak individual performance can be critical to organizational success. Short-notice deployment to a hot operational or training environment, exposure to high intensity exercise and undertaking ceremonial duties during extreme weather may challenge the ability to protect personnel from excessive thermal strain, especially where heat adaptation is incomplete. Graded and progressive acclimatization can reduce morbidity substantially and impact on mortality rates, yet individual variation in adaptation has the potential to undermine empirical approaches. Incapacity under heat stress can present the military with medical, occupational and logistic challenges requiring dynamic risk stratification during initial and subsequent heat stress. Using data from large studies of military personnel observing traditional and more contemporary acclimatization practices, this review article (1) characterizes the physical challenges that military training and deployed operations present (2) considers how heat adaptation has been used to augment military performance under thermal stress and (3) identifies potential solutions to optimize the risk-performance paradigm, including those with broader relevance to other populations exposed to heat stress

Luminous efficiency based on FRIPON meteors and limitations of ablation models

Context. In meteor physics, the luminous efficiency τ is used to convert the meteor's magnitude to the corresponding meteoroid's mass. However, a lack of sufficiently accurate verification methods or adequate laboratory tests mean that discussions around this parameter are a subject of controversy. Aims: In this work, we aim to use meteor data obtained by the Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation to calculate the luminous efficiencies of the recorded meteors. We also show the limitations of the methods presented herein. Methods: Deceleration-based formulas were used to calculate the masses of the pre-atmospheric meteoroids. These can in turn be compared to the meteor brightnesses to assess the luminous efficiencies of the recorded objects. Fragmentation of the meteoroids is not considered within this model. Good measurements of the meteor deceleration are required. Results: We find τ-values, as well as the shape change coefficients, of 294 meteors and fireballs with determined masses in the range of 10^−6 / -100 kg. The derived τ-values have a median of τ_median = 2.17%. Most of them are of the order of 0.1-10%. We present how our values are obtained, compare them with data reported in the literature, and discuss several methods. A dependence of τ on the pre-atmospheric velocity of the meteor, ve, is noticeable with a relation of τ = 0.0023⋅ve^2.3. Furthermore, a dependence of τ on the initial meteoroid mass, Me, is found with negative linear behaviour in log-log space: τ = 0.48⋅Me/−0.47. Conclusions: The higher luminous efficiency of fast meteors could be explained by the higher amount of energy released. Fast meteoroids produce additional emission lines that radiate more efficiently in specific wavelengths due to the appearance of the so-called second component of higher temperature. Furthermore, the negative dependence of τ on Me implies that the radiation of smaller meteoroids is more efficient. The results of this study also show the limitations of the ablation-based model for the determination of the luminous efficiency

Mitochondrial factors involved in fatty acid oxydation : alteration induced by endurance training, hypoxia and a PPAR-δ

La plasticité mitochondriale à l'égard de l'oxydation de substrats, et sa participation à la transition métabolique ont été étudiées dans deux conditions: l'exposition chronique à l'hypoxie et l'entraînement en endurance, connues comme modulatrices de la préférence de substrats. Ainsi l'affinité pour le palmitoyl carnitine est augmentée par l'hypoxie et la restriction calorique alors qu'au contraire le flux maximal de palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) semble freiné par l'hypoxie. Quant aux effets de l'entraînement, malgré une amélioration du temps limite de course à intensité sous-maximale et une augmentation des capacités oxydatives globales, nous ne retrouvons pas de facilitation de l'oxydation du PCoA. Par ailleurs, on observe une augmentation des messagers PPAR-delta et d'UCP-3 en réponse à une exposition aigue à l'hypoxie. Le rôle de PPAR-delta sur la modulation de l'utilisation de substrats par la mitochondrie a aussi été envisagé en utilisant un agoniste pharmacologique de PPAR-delta, le GW 742. Celui-ci, permet d'améliorer l'efficacité catalytique du complexe enzymatique CPT-1 tout en limitant l'oxydation du pyruvate, également diminuée dans les muscles oxydatifs au cours de la restriction calorique. Le traitement par GW 742, s'il limite l'altération de l'efficacité catalytique de CPT-1 observée en hypoxie, ne permet pas de rétablir, un niveau d'oxydation en PCoA similaire à celui observé en situation contrôle. Le GW 742 s'est aussi montré capable de restaurer le flux en PCoA altéré par l'entraînement, même si la fonction du transport CPT-1 reste limitante devant l'augmentation du potentiel oxydatif induit par l'entraînement. Par ailleurs, nous n'avons pas retrouvé de relation étroite entre les variations d'affinité en PCoA et la performance aérobie sous-maximale, pourtant influencée par la capacité à oxyder préférentiellement les lipides. Enfin, la diminution du flux en pyruvate associée à l'augmentation de l'utilisation des acides gras à longue chaîne observée lors du traitement par GW 742 ou au cours de la restriction calorique pose la question du rôle joué par une cible particulière de PPAR-delta sur la mitochondrie, la protéine découplante UCP-3.Substrate oxidation and its contribution to metabolic shift, as markers of muscle plasticity have been studied under two specific condition, the prolonged exposure to ambient hypoxia, and endurance training, two conditions known as leading to changes in substrate use. Our result show that the affinity for palmitoyl carnitine is increased by both hypoxia and food restriction, whereas in contrast exposure to hypoxia slow down the palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) maximal use. On the other hand, endurance training led to enhanced physical performance and increased muscular oxidative capacities, but failed to enhance PCoA oxidation. The transcripts for PPAR-delta and UCP-3 increased in response to aucte exposure to hypoxia. Moreover, we studied the role played by PPAR-delta on the substrate use modulation, using new PPAR-delta agonist known as GW 742. In the present study, this new pharmacological substance has been shown to enhance the catalytic efficiency of CPT-1 and decrease the pyruvate oxidation. Moreover, GW 742 administration limits the hypoxia-induced decrease of CPT-1 activity, but failed to recover levels of PCoA oxidation similar to those observed in control conditions. GW 742 administration was able to suppress the effects of training on maximal PCoA oxidation, even if the functional CPT-1 activity remains limiting regarding the training-induced increase in oxidative capacity. On the other hand, we failed to show strong relationship between PCoA affinity and physical performance. Finally, the concomitant increase in long chain fatty acid oxidation and decrease in pyruvate oxidation resulting from either GW 742 use or food restriction, addresses the issue of the role played by the uncoupling protein UCP-3 on mitochondrial functio

Mitochondrial factors involved in fatty acid oxydation : alteration induced by endurance training, hypoxia and a PPAR-δ

La plasticité mitochondriale à l'égard de l'oxydation de substrats, et sa participation à la transition métabolique ont été étudiées dans deux conditions: l'exposition chronique à l'hypoxie et l'entraînement en endurance, connues comme modulatrices de la préférence de substrats. Ainsi l'affinité pour le palmitoyl carnitine est augmentée par l'hypoxie et la restriction calorique alors qu'au contraire le flux maximal de palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) semble freiné par l'hypoxie. Quant aux effets de l'entraînement, malgré une amélioration du temps limite de course à intensité sous-maximale et une augmentation des capacités oxydatives globales, nous ne retrouvons pas de facilitation de l'oxydation du PCoA. Par ailleurs, on observe une augmentation des messagers PPAR-delta et d'UCP-3 en réponse à une exposition aigue à l'hypoxie. Le rôle de PPAR-delta sur la modulation de l'utilisation de substrats par la mitochondrie a aussi été envisagé en utilisant un agoniste pharmacologique de PPAR-delta, le GW 742. Celui-ci, permet d'améliorer l'efficacité catalytique du complexe enzymatique CPT-1 tout en limitant l'oxydation du pyruvate, également diminuée dans les muscles oxydatifs au cours de la restriction calorique. Le traitement par GW 742, s'il limite l'altération de l'efficacité catalytique de CPT-1 observée en hypoxie, ne permet pas de rétablir, un niveau d'oxydation en PCoA similaire à celui observé en situation contrôle. Le GW 742 s'est aussi montré capable de restaurer le flux en PCoA altéré par l'entraînement, même si la fonction du transport CPT-1 reste limitante devant l'augmentation du potentiel oxydatif induit par l'entraînement. Par ailleurs, nous n'avons pas retrouvé de relation étroite entre les variations d'affinité en PCoA et la performance aérobie sous-maximale, pourtant influencée par la capacité à oxyder préférentiellement les lipides. Enfin, la diminution du flux en pyruvate associée à l'augmentation de l'utilisation des acides gras à longue chaîne observée lors du traitement par GW 742 ou au cours de la restriction calorique pose la question du rôle joué par une cible particulière de PPAR-delta sur la mitochondrie, la protéine découplante UCP-3.Substrate oxidation and its contribution to metabolic shift, as markers of muscle plasticity have been studied under two specific condition, the prolonged exposure to ambient hypoxia, and endurance training, two conditions known as leading to changes in substrate use. Our result show that the affinity for palmitoyl carnitine is increased by both hypoxia and food restriction, whereas in contrast exposure to hypoxia slow down the palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) maximal use. On the other hand, endurance training led to enhanced physical performance and increased muscular oxidative capacities, but failed to enhance PCoA oxidation. The transcripts for PPAR-delta and UCP-3 increased in response to aucte exposure to hypoxia. Moreover, we studied the role played by PPAR-delta on the substrate use modulation, using new PPAR-delta agonist known as GW 742. In the present study, this new pharmacological substance has been shown to enhance the catalytic efficiency of CPT-1 and decrease the pyruvate oxidation. Moreover, GW 742 administration limits the hypoxia-induced decrease of CPT-1 activity, but failed to recover levels of PCoA oxidation similar to those observed in control conditions. GW 742 administration was able to suppress the effects of training on maximal PCoA oxidation, even if the functional CPT-1 activity remains limiting regarding the training-induced increase in oxidative capacity. On the other hand, we failed to show strong relationship between PCoA affinity and physical performance. Finally, the concomitant increase in long chain fatty acid oxidation and decrease in pyruvate oxidation resulting from either GW 742 use or food restriction, addresses the issue of the role played by the uncoupling protein UCP-3 on mitochondrial functio

Déterminants mitochondriaux de l'oxydation des acides gras : modulation par l'entraînement, l'hypoxie et un agoniste PPAR-δ

Substrate oxidation and its contribution to metabolic shift, as markers of muscle plasticity have been studied under two specific condition, the prolonged exposure to ambient hypoxia, and endurance training, two conditions known as leading to changes in substrate use. Our result show that the affinity for palmitoyl carnitine is increased by both hypoxia and food restriction, whereas in contrast exposure to hypoxia slow down the palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) maximal use. On the other hand, endurance training led to enhanced physical performance and increased muscular oxidative capacities, but failed to enhance PCoA oxidation. The transcripts for PPAR-delta and UCP-3 increased in response to aucte exposure to hypoxia. Moreover, we studied the role played by PPAR-delta on the substrate use modulation, using new PPAR-delta agonist known as GW 742. In the present study, this new pharmacological substance has been shown to enhance the catalytic efficiency of CPT-1 and decrease the pyruvate oxidation. Moreover, GW 742 administration limits the hypoxia-induced decrease of CPT-1 activity, but failed to recover levels of PCoA oxidation similar to those observed in control conditions. GW 742 administration was able to suppress the effects of training on maximal PCoA oxidation, even if the functional CPT-1 activity remains limiting regarding the training-induced increase in oxidative capacity. On the other hand, we failed to show strong relationship between PCoA affinity and physical performance. Finally, the concomitant increase in long chain fatty acid oxidation and decrease in pyruvate oxidation resulting from either GW 742 use or food restriction, addresses the issue of the role played by the uncoupling protein UCP-3 on mitochondrial functionLa plasticité mitochondriale à l'égard de l'oxydation de substrats, et sa participation à la transition métabolique ont été étudiées dans deux conditions: l'exposition chronique à l'hypoxie et l'entraînement en endurance, connues comme modulatrices de la préférence de substrats. Ainsi l'affinité pour le palmitoyl carnitine est augmentée par l'hypoxie et la restriction calorique alors qu'au contraire le flux maximal de palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) semble freiné par l'hypoxie. Quant aux effets de l'entraînement, malgré une amélioration du temps limite de course à intensité sous-maximale et une augmentation des capacités oxydatives globales, nous ne retrouvons pas de facilitation de l'oxydation du PCoA. Par ailleurs, on observe une augmentation des messagers PPAR-delta et d'UCP-3 en réponse à une exposition aigue à l'hypoxie. Le rôle de PPAR-delta sur la modulation de l'utilisation de substrats par la mitochondrie a aussi été envisagé en utilisant un agoniste pharmacologique de PPAR-delta, le GW 742. Celui-ci, permet d'améliorer l'efficacité catalytique du complexe enzymatique CPT-1 tout en limitant l'oxydation du pyruvate, également diminuée dans les muscles oxydatifs au cours de la restriction calorique. Le traitement par GW 742, s'il limite l'altération de l'efficacité catalytique de CPT-1 observée en hypoxie, ne permet pas de rétablir, un niveau d'oxydation en PCoA similaire à celui observé en situation contrôle. Le GW 742 s'est aussi montré capable de restaurer le flux en PCoA altéré par l'entraînement, même si la fonction du transport CPT-1 reste limitante devant l'augmentation du potentiel oxydatif induit par l'entraînement. Par ailleurs, nous n'avons pas retrouvé de relation étroite entre les variations d'affinité en PCoA et la performance aérobie sous-maximale, pourtant influencée par la capacité à oxyder préférentiellement les lipides. Enfin, la diminution du flux en pyruvate associée à l'augmentation de l'utilisation des acides gras à longue chaîne observée lors du traitement par GW 742 ou au cours de la restriction calorique pose la question du rôle joué par une cible particulière de PPAR-delta sur la mitochondrie, la protéine découplante UCP-3

Etude de la tolérance locale des extrémités au froid avant et après une expédition en altitude

BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocPARIS-Bib. Serv.Santé Armées (751055204) / SudocSudocFranceF

Topic 2. Nutrition and control of muscle mass under situation of metabolic challenge

The control of muscle mass results from the balance between the levels of contractile protein synthesis and breakdown. Physical exercise and nutrition both influence muscle mass through modifications of the net balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation rates.Several studies showed that the muscle protein acute synthesis was firstly regulated through the translation initiation of messenger RNA (mRNA) by activation of a variety of intracellular signalling proteins, especially those involved within the signalling cascade of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In humans, the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis after a meal or physical exercise is accompanied by increased activity of the mTOR signalling pathway, after phosphorylation of 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K or S6K1) and its target, the S6 ribosomal protein (rpS6). There are now a lot of scientific evidences that demonstrate the major role played by the mTORC1 complex in the regulation of muscle mass in response to a large variety of stimulus, including nutrients, growth factors and insulin.More recently, the major impact of the 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular energy sensor, on the control of muscle cells’size has been updated. AMPK, that plays a key role on the control of the cell energy homeostasis is activated during physical exercise in skeletal muscles. This AMPK activation is vital for restoring intracellular energy balance via inhibition of energy-consuming biosynthetic processes and concomitant activation of pathways that increase ATP production. AMPK activation reduces protein synthesis by 45% in homogenates of muscles, and decreases the activation of both mTOR and rpS6 kinases. Decreased protein synthesis as a result of mTORC1 signaling inhibition could explain a number of muscle adaptations specific to the physical training, including the fact that in general, training in endurance is not associated to increased muscle mass. Many other targets downstream from mTOR could also play a major role in skeletal muscle physiology, such as the FoxO (Forkhead box O) family of transcription factors which stimulate muscle proteins breakdown through upregulation of atrogenes.Prolonged, high-intensity sport events, such as ironman Triathlons, raids or ultra-endurance races, are always performed in negative energy balance. This type of metabolic stress leads to AMPK activation and makes energy intake of particular importance during the event. The role played by nutrition to prevent the effects of prolonged high-intensity exercise on negative energy balance, and then muscle atrophy, has to be considered in order to reach two main objectives. First, to prevent glycogen depletion and provide enough carbohydrate to working skeletal muscles during the race (and then minimize AMPK activation), second to favor the muscle protein status recovery early after the end of exhaustive exercise