Long-term toxicological effects of paracetamol in rats

The analgesic and antipyretic properties of paracetamol were first described in 1893, then it has been widely available as a non-prescription drug, with a therapeutic profile that reflects widespread safety and efficacy as well as paracetamol became the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic in children. It is the most frequently used over-the counter medicine in young children and is nearly universally used in infants. The drug is used by millions of children every day. The study was designed to study the toxicological effect of therapeutic dose of paracetamol after oral administration for three months in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicous) on the heart, kidney and liver. Results showed oral administration of the paracetamol for three months in laboratory rats showed that this drug has a severe damaging effect on most of the vital organs in the body like kidney, liver and heart

An Investigation of EFL Undergraduate Students\u27 Performance in Cognitive Poetic Schema

English cognitive poetics could help undergraduate students achieve a better understanding of what they do and why they are doing something. It also helps them find new ways of doing things and improving old ways that they have. Hence, this study intends to fill a gap of information about the way Iraqi college students process English poetry. This study aims at: 1. Pin-pointing the components of cognitive poetic schema (CPS) used by EFL undergraduate students for interpreting English poems. 2. Identifying students\u27 level of performance in English CPS. 3. Finding whether there are any significant differences among students\u27 performance in the various CPS components. 4. Finding whether there are any significant differences among the four levels of undergraduate students\u27 performance in the various components of the CPS rubric. A sample of a hundred EFL university students and a sample of three poems of Liverpool poets are involved in the study. A diagnostic test that includes the various CPS components of Stockwell (2002) as well as a rubric that represents the scoring scheme of the test have been constructed and applied to the intended sample of students. The collected data are interpreted statistically in order to obtain the required data, answer the raised questions, and achieve the aims of the study. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are stated in terms of the obtained result

Induced Mutation as a Tool for Improving Corm Multiplication in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

An attempt was made to create new variants for increasing corm production per planting cycle through the induction of mutations using physical [Gamma rays in Kilo-Roentgen (kr)] and chemical (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate, Colchicine, Ethidium bromide) mutagens at different growth stages of saffron using fortnight treatments (Ist June, 15th June, Ist July, 15th July, Ist August, 15th August, Ist September, 15th September). Initially, 44 plants were selected on the basis of their higher yield performances. Further evaluation of those 44 selected mutagenic plants in M3 generation during the year 2010 identified the treatments D2T6 (15th June treatments of corms with 0.1% EMS) and D8T6 (15th June treatment of corms with Colchicine 0.05%) both produced highest number of daughter corms (15) per mother corm followed by D2T2 (15th June treatment of corms with 0.2kr gamma radiations) producing 12 daughter corms per mother corm, as compared to control (Natural Population) producing only 5 daughter corms per mother corm. Thus, 15th June is proposed as ideal time for treatment of saffron corms in order to induce increased number of daughter corms per mother corm. Further 0.2kr dose gamma radiation is having positive effect on increasing number of daughter corms per mother corm. Standardization of such technique could add to economic stability of farmers, make available considerable quantity of saffron corms for area expansion and by that add to the saffron area and production of our country

Influence du sexe et de la saison sur 10 valeurs hématologiques du dromadaire adulte normal

Les auteurs précisent les valeurs moyennes de dix des plus importants paramètres sanguins du chameau (Camelus dromedarius) adulte de travail, vivant dans son milieu naturel dans la région de Bhakhar dans le nord-ouest du Pakistan et fait état de l'influence de la saison et du sexe sur ces valeurs. Les saisons ont un effet significatif sur 8 des 10 paramètres étudiés. ESR, hémoglobine, éosinophiles et monocytes sont à leur niveau le plus élevé en été; les lymphocytes sont plus fréquents en automne, mais la vitesse de coagulation, le nombre des hématies et des neutrophiles sont supérieurs en hiver. La vitesse de sédimentation des érythrocytes est inversement proportionnelle au temps de coagulation. L'influence du sexe se traduit, chez les femelles par un ESR significativement plus élevé et davantage d'éosinophiles que chez les mâles qui, par contre, ont un pourcentage plus élevé de lymphocyte

Electronic structure, charge transfer, and intrinsic luminescence of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and theory

The cubic (c) and monoclinic (m) polymorphs of Gd2O3 were studied using the combined analysis of several materials science techniques - X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations for the samples under study were performed as well. The cubic phase of gadolinium oxide (c-Gd2O3) synthesized using a precipitation method exhibits spheroidal-like nanoclusters with well-defined edges assembled from primary nanoparticles with an average size of 50 nm, whereas the monoclinic phase of gadolinium oxide (m-Gd2O3) deposited using explosive pyrolysis has a denser structure compared with natural gadolinia. This phase also has a structure composed of three-dimensional complex agglomerates without clear-edged boundaries that are ~21 nm in size plus a cubic phase admixture of only 2 at. % composed of primary edge-boundary nanoparticles ~15 nm in size. These atomic features appear in the electronic structure as different defects ([Gd...O-OH] and [Gd...O-O]) and have dissimilar contributions to the charge-transfer processes among the appropriate electronic states with ambiguous contributions in the Gd 5p - O 2s core-like levels in the valence band structures. The origin of [Gd...O-OH] defects found by XPS was well-supported by PL analysis. The electronic and atomic structures of the synthesized gadolinias calculated using DFT were compared and discussed on the basis of the well-known joint OKT-van der Laan model, and good agreement was established.Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures, accepted in Appl. Surf. Sc

ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields Exposure Assessment of Live-Line Workers for 132 kV Transmission Line of SEC

This paper presents an exposure assessment study for live-line workers exposed to transmission line power frequency electric and magnetic fields. A double circuit transmission line is selected. Practical exposure scenarios which represent actual working conditions for live-line workers have been identified. The charge simulation method has been adopted to compute the external electric field around the selected 132 kV transmission line. A method based on Ampere law has been chosen to compute the external magnetic field around the transmission line. Both methods are numerically solved using the EPRFs EMF Workstation software. A comparison between the values of external electric and magnetic fields, with the allowable exposure limits set by the international standards has been conducted. The paper concluded that the levels of workers exposures to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields are below the recommended international standards limits for the scenarios considered in this wor

ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields Exposure Assessment of Live-Line Workers for 132 kV Transmission Line of SEC

This paper presents an exposure assessment study for live-line workers exposed to transmission line power frequency electric and magnetic fields. A double circuit transmission line is selected. Practical exposure scenarios which represent actual working conditions for live-line workers have been identified. The charge simulation method has been adopted to compute the external electric field around the selected 132 kV transmission line. A method based on Ampere law has been chosen to compute the external magnetic field around the transmission line. Both methods are numerically solved using the EPRFs EMF Workstation software. A comparison between the values of external electric and magnetic fields, with the allowable exposure limits set by the international standards has been conducted. The paper concluded that the levels of workers exposures to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields are below the recommended international standards limits for the scenarios considered in this wor

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0�59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3�5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization�s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99 of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40 and wasting to less than 5 by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. © 2020, The Author(s)