The entrepreneurial brew investigating the reflexive duality of drivers and determinants to antrepreneurship – a comparative analysis of the Ethiopian and Rwandan coffee markets

Entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary process regarded to have the potential to create wide ranging socio-economic impact, however the fuller understanding of entrepreneurs operating within emerging markets or developing economies remains somewhat ambiguous. As such, this study examined entrepreneurship through the interdependence of the individual and context, examining the unique notion of co-evolution and reflexivity to and from entrepreneurial action and institutional elements within a specific context. Creating a more comprehensive understanding of the duality of the entrepreneur and operational context within an emerging market, this study addressed three main objectives, investigating: the individual internal characteristics, or drivers, of the entrepreneur; the influences from external dynamics and institutions, or determinants, on entrepreneurial outlook and action; and finally, if and how entrepreneurial action can be reflexive to and from existing institutions as both co-evolve within operational structures. The conceptual framework developed for this research was informed by Structuration Theory, which interprets entrepreneurship as a co-evolving construction of structure, agent and social system, providing a theoretical outline for the empirical analysis of entrepreneurship as a reflexive interdependent duality. Research used the coffee sectors of Ethiopia and Rwanda to structure the investigation of entrepreneurs given the similarly linear formations of each marketplace. Use of the respective coffee markets provided a framework for detailed analysis of entrepreneurship occurring across a range of entrepreneurial classifications and different business models across the coffee industries, comprising Smallholder Producers, Processors and Exporters. This comparative analysis further examined the entrepreneurial phenomenon within opposing economic systems of market liberalization and political embrace, using participatory qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyse data, and interpret results. Empirical analysis between the internal construct of Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs revealed inherent differences as well as varying strengths and weaknesses of the tested drivers across the different business types. Comparative analyses of operational contexts found multiple elements to influence entrepreneurship and revealed situations of entrepreneurial constriction and entrepreneurial dynamism. Examination of entrepreneurship as an interdependent whole demonstrated the reflexive nature of entrepreneurial action on systems and structures, revealing both positive and negative outcomes of reflexivity and additionality. This thesis identified, demonstrated and explored entrepreneurship as a multifaceted, composition of the interdependence of the entrepreneur and operational context; with entrepreneurship found to have the potential for introducing change, only if embraced through the appropriate systems

Writing in Secondary Academic Partners

Writing in Secondary (WiS) Academic Partners is a partnership between the New South Wales Department of Education and the Centre for Educational Research, School of Education, Western Sydney University (WSU). The WiS project was undertaken across secondary schools (n=20) within NSW in 2021 and 2022. The project focused on the improvement in academic writing for Stages 4 and 5 within History; Personal Development, Health and Physical Education; Science and Visual Arts. The impact of WiS on students' writing within these subjects and teachers' pedagogical changes in the teaching of writing are identified in this report

Does TV edutainment lead to farmers changing their agricultural practices aiming at increasing productivity?

We investigate the influence of an agricultural TV edutainment programme on farmers’ decisions to implement changes of agricultural practices. We use data obtained from a survey conducted to 1,572 households in Kenya across the target areas of a TV edutainment programme, Shamba-Shape-Up (SSU). A conceptual framework is developed to account for the interaction between farmers watching SSU internal factors including farmer’s and household’s characteristics, farmer’s views on farming and farmer’s trust on sources of influence and farmer’s decision to change their agricultural practices. Structural equations and probit models are used to understand how watching edutainment TV programme Shamba Shape-Up (SSU) along with farmers and household’s characteristics, famer’s views on farming and farmer’s trust on sources of information affect maize and dairy farmer’s probability to make changes to agricultural practices shown in SSU. We find that SSU has an influence on maize and dairy farmers’ decisions to implement changes of agricultural practices. Farmers who watch SSU have a higher probability to implement a greater number of agricultural practices. However, SSU influence varies depending on the agricultural practice recommended as well as on the reasons that farmers have for watching the programme. The probability of implementing agricultural practices shown on SSU was dependent the associated difficulty of making such changes. Edutainment TV can be a viable channel to nudge farmers to implement practices that contribute to face local and global challenges such as adapting and mitigating climate change, poverty reduction, increasing productivity and income of smallholders in developing countries

Demystifying academics to enhance university-business collaborations in environmental science

In countries globally there is intense political interest in fostering effective university-business collaborations, but there has been scant attention devoted to exactly how an individual scientist's workload (i.e. specified tasks) and incentive structures (i.e. assessment criteria) may act as a key barrier to this. To investigate this an original, empirical dataset is derived from UK job specifications and promotion criteria, which distil universities' varied drivers into requirements upon academics. This work reveals the nature of the severe challenge posed by a heavily time-constrained culture; specifically, tension exists between opportunities presented by working with business and non-optional duties (e.g. administration and teaching). Thus, to justify the time to work with business, such work must inspire curiosity and facilitate future novel science in order to mitigate its conflict with the overriding imperative for academics to publish. It must also provide evidence of real-world changes (i.e. impact), and ideally other reportable outcomes (e.g. official status as a business' advisor), to feed back into the scientist's performance appraisals. Indicatively, amid 20-50 key duties, typical full-time scientists may be able to free up to 0.5 day per week for work with business. Thus specific, pragmatic actions, including short-term and time-efficient steps, are proposed in a "user guide"to help initiate and nurture a long-term collaboration between an early- to mid-career environmental scientist and a practitioner in the insurance sector. These actions are mapped back to a tailored typology of impact and a newly created representative set of appraisal criteria to explain how they may be effective, mutually beneficial and overcome barriers. Throughout, the focus is on environmental science, with illustrative detail provided through the example of natural hazard risk modelling in the insurance sector. However, a new conceptual model of academics' behaviour is developed, fusing perspectives from literature on academics' motivations and performance assessment, which we propose is internationally applicable and transferable between sectors. Sector-specific details (e.g. list of relevant impacts and user guide) may serve as templates for how people may act differently to work more effectively together

Predicting successful prosthetic rehabilitation in major lower-limb amputation patients: a 15-year retrospective cohort study

Objective: To determine and compare specific factors that could be associated and predictive with successful prosthetic rehabilitation in major lower-limb amputations. Methods: A 15-year long (2000-2014) retrospective observational cohort study was conducted. Two different criteria were used to define successful prosthetic rehabilitation: (1) the ability to walk at least 45 m, regardless of assistive devices; and (2) walking >45 m without other ambulatory aids than one cane (if required). Age, gender, comorbidities, cause and level of amputation, stump characteristics, ulcers in the preserved limb, and time between surgery and physical therapy were examined as predictors of successful prosthetic rehabilitation. Results: A total of 169 patients (61.60±15.9 years) were included. Regarding walking ability with or without walking aids, the presence of ulcers in the preserved limb was individually associated with failed prosthetic rehabilitation (p < 0.001), while being male (OR = 0.21; 95%CI = 0.06-0.80) and transtibial level of amputation (OR = 6.73; 95%CI = 1.92-23.64) were identified as independent predictors of failure and success, respectively. Regarding the criterion of successful rehabilitation, a shorter time until rehabilitation was individually associated with improved walking ability (p < 0.013), while failure could be predicted by comorbidities (OR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.29---0.78) and age groups of 65---75 years old (OR = 0.19; 95%CI = 0.05-0.78) and over 75 years old (OR = 0.19; 95%CI = 0.04-0.91). Conclusions: Regarding walking ability with or without walking aids, male gender and transtibiallevel of amputation are independently associated with failure and success respectively, whereasolder age and comorbidities can predict failed prosthetic rehabilitation when assistive walking devices are considered. Future prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings

Control of Uniaxial Negative Thermal Expansion in Layered Perovskites by Tuning Layer Thickness

Uniaxial negative thermal expansion (NTE) is known to occur in low n members of the An+1BnO3n+1 Ruddlesden–Popper layered perovskite series with a frozen rotation of BO6 octahedra about the layering axis. Previous work has shown that this NTE arises due to the combined effects of a close proximity to a transition to a competing phase, so called “symmetry trapping”, and highly anisotropic elastic compliance specific to the symmetry of the NTE phase. We extend this analysis to the broader Ruddlesden–Popper family (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . ,?), demonstrating that by changing the fraction of layer interface in the structure (i.e. the value of 1/n) one may control the anisotropic compliance that is necessary for the pronounced uniaxial NTE observed in these systems. More detailed analysis of how the components of the compliance matrix develop with 1/n allows us to identify different regimes, linking enhancements in compliance between these regimes to the crystallographic degrees of freedom in the structure. We further discuss how the perovskite layer thickness affects the frequencies of soft zone boundary modes with large negative Gruneisen parameters, associated with the aforementioned phase transition, ¨ that constitute the thermodynamic driving force for NTE. This new insight complements our previous work – showing that chemical control may be used to switch from positive to negative thermal expansion in these systems – since it makes the layer thickness, n, an additional well understood design parameter that may be used to engineer layered perovskites with tuneable thermal expansion. In these respects, we predict that, with appropriate chemical substitution, the n = 1 phase will be the system in which the most pronounced NTE could be achieved

Beyond individualism:Is there a place for relational autonomy in clinical practice and research?

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this recordThe dominant, individualistic understanding of autonomy that features in clinical practice and research is underpinned by the idea that people are, in their ideal form, independent, self-interested and rational gain-maximising decision-makers. In recent decades, this paradigm has been challenged from various disciplinary and intellectual directions. Proponents of ‘relational autonomy’ in particular have argued that people’s identities, needs, interests – and indeed autonomy – are always also shaped by their relations to others. Yet, despite the pronounced and nuanced critique directed at an individualistic understanding of autonomy, this critique has had very little effect on ethical and legal instruments in clinical practice and research so far. In this article, we use four case studies to explore to what extent, if at all, relational autonomy can provide solutions to ethical and practical problems in clinical practice and research. We conclude that certain forms of relational autonomy can have a tangible and positive impact on clinical practice and research. These solutions leave the ultimate decision to the person most affected, but encourage and facilitate the consideration of this person’s care and responsibility for connected others.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: ESD is supported by a Wellcome Senior Investigator Award ‘Confronting the Liminal Spaces of Health Research Regulation’ (Award No: WT103360MA)

Increasing frailty is associated with higher prevalence and reduced recognition of delirium in older hospitalised inpatients: results of a multi-centre study

Purpose Delirium is a neuropsychiatric disorder delineated by an acute change in cognition, attention, and consciousness. It is common, particularly in older adults, but poorly recognised. Frailty is the accumulation of deficits conferring an increased risk of adverse outcomes. We set out to determine how severity of frailty, as measured using the CFS, affected delirium rates, and recognition in hospitalised older people in the United Kingdom. Methods Adults over 65 years were included in an observational multi-centre audit across UK hospitals, two prospective rounds, and one retrospective note review. Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), delirium status, and 30-day outcomes were recorded. Results The overall prevalence of delirium was 16.3% (483). Patients with delirium were more frail than patients without delirium (median CFS 6 vs 4). The risk of delirium was greater with increasing frailty [OR 2.9 (1.8–4.6) in CFS 4 vs 1–3; OR 12.4 (6.2–24.5) in CFS 8 vs 1–3]. Higher CFS was associated with reduced recognition of delirium (OR of 0.7 (0.3–1.9) in CFS 4 compared to 0.2 (0.1–0.7) in CFS 8). These risks were both independent of age and dementia. Conclusion We have demonstrated an incremental increase in risk of delirium with increasing frailty. This has important clinical implications, suggesting that frailty may provide a more nuanced measure of vulnerability to delirium and poor outcomes. However, the most frail patients are least likely to have their delirium diagnosed and there is a significant lack of research into the underlying pathophysiology of both of these common geriatric syndromes