Knowing the ABCs: Teaching the principles of radiology to medical students in Turkey

Background: Radiology education in Turkey is mainly taught during clinical years of medical school and often lacks main principles. Exposure to the fundamentals of radiology at an early stage of medical education may drastically help students generate a better understanding of radiology and expand their interest in the specialty. With the Principles of Radiology Course that we provided, pre- and post-session tests, and assessment survey at the end of the course, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of such an online course among Turkish medical students. Methods: A total of nine online sessions on imaging modalities principles was developed by radiology professors. Each session was given through Zoom by radiologists from different U.S.-institutions to Turkish medical students from state (n = 33) and private (n = 8) universities. Pretests and post-tests were given to participants via Qualtrics before and after each session, respectively. Paired two-sample t-tests were conducted to detect the variance and p=-.05 was used as the significance level. An evaluation survey was distributed at the end of the course to collect their feedback through SurveyMonkey. Results: A total of 1,438 predominantly Turkish (99.32%) medical students engaged with this course. An average of 506 students completed both pre-test and post-test. There was a statistically significant (p <.001) increase in the scores in post-test (mean[range]:7.58[5.21–8.53]) relative to pre-test (mean[range]:5.10[3.52–8.53]). Four hundred and thirty-nine participants (F/M:63.33%/35.54%) completed the end-of-course survey. A total of 71% and 69.70% of the participants strongly agreed that the course would be useful in their clinical practice and had increased their understanding of radiology. They also reported that their level of confidence in the subjects had increased 68% and reached a weighted average of 3.09/4. The survey revealed that 396 (90.21%) of the participants strongly or somewhat agree that introductory principles and concepts should be presented in earlier years of medical education. Compared to in-person education, 358 (81.55%) found the course extremely or very convenient. Conclusion: Online lecture series consisting of the principles of the radiological imaging modalities can be offered to Turkish medical students to enhance their grasp of the various imaging modalities and their correct clinical application

Self-cannibalism: The man who eats himself

Self-mutilation is a general term for a variety of forms of intentional self-harm without the wish to die. Although there have been many reports of self-mutilation injuries in the literature, none have reported self-cannibalism after self-mutilation. In this article we present a patient with selfcannibalism following self-mutilation. A 34-year-old male patient was brought to the emergency department from the prison with a laceration on the right leg. Physical examination revealed a well-demarcated rectangular soft tissue defect on his right thigh. The prison authorities stated that the prisoner had cut his thigh with a knife and had eaten the flesh

The Confidence Database

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at https://osf.io/s46pr/) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects

A Rescorla-Wagner Drift-Diffusion Model of Conditioning and Timing

Computational models of classical conditioning have made significant contributions to the theoretic understanding of associative learning, yet they still struggle when the temporal aspects of conditioning are taken into account. Interval timing models have contributed a rich variety of time representations and provided accurate predictions for the timing of responses, but they usually have little to say about associative learning. In this article we present a unified model of conditioning and timing that is based on the influential Rescorla-Wagner conditioning model and the more recently developed Timing Drift-Diffusion model. We test the model by simulating 10 experimental phenomena and show that it can provide an adequate account for 8, and a partial account for the other 2. We argue that the model can account for more phenomena in the chosen set than these other similar in scope models: CSC-TD, MS-TD, Learning to Time and Modular Theory. A comparison and analysis of the mechanisms in these models is provided, with a focus on the types of time representation and associative learning rule used

The Blursday database as a resource to study subjective temporalities during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns triggered worldwide changes in the daily routines of human experience. The Blursday database provides repeated measures of subjective time and related processes from participants in nine countries tested on 14 questionnaires and 15 behavioural tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 2,840 participants completed at least one task, and 439 participants completed all tasks in the first session. The database and all data collection tools are accessible to researchers for studying the effects of social isolation on temporal information processing, time perspective, decision-making, sleep, metacognition, attention, memory, self-perception and mindfulness. Blursday includes quantitative statistics such as sleep patterns, personality traits, psychological well-being and lockdown indices. The database provides quantitative insights on the effects of lockdown (stringency and mobility) and subjective confinement on time perception (duration, passage of time and temporal distances). Perceived isolation affects time perception, and we report an inter-individual central tendency effect in retrospective duration estimation

Bilişsel ve sayısal yönleriyle yüzlerden cinsiyet belirleme

The aim of this work is to propose a computationally feasible and cognitively plausible model for face processing, and to develop a system for gender estima tion from face images. For this purpose, we propose a general face processing model that encapsulates all face-specific tasks. The model is inspired by the find ings from cognitive studies. We implement the core of the whole model which uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) procedure and develop a classifier for gender estimation. As classifier, we implement a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP). MLP is further pruned for observing the minimal input set necessary for the mtask. By our priming approach we end up with a robust and efficient classifier. We confirm the importance of higher-eigenvalued eigenvectors and also show that only a small subset of them are sufficient for gender estimation. We test our ap proach in two different face databases, one of which is the largest face database publicly available today and widely used in recent studies. Until this study, PCA approach for gender estimation has not been tested on a large database such as this one.Bu çalışma, bilişsel olarak tutarlı ve sayısal yöntemlerle gerçeklenebilecek bir yüz işleme modeli önermeyi ve bu model çerçevesinde yüz görüntülerinden cinsiyet tahmini yapabilen bir sistem geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde, yüz algısı ile ilgili tüm yetenekleri içeren bir model öneriyoruz. Modelimiz bi lişsel çalışmalarda elde edilen bulgulardan esinlenilerek tasarlanmıştır. Temel Bileşen Analizi (TBA) yöntemi kullanarak modelin nüvesini oluşturuyoruz ve cinsiyet tahmini için kullanılan sınırlandırıcıyı geliştiriyoruz. Sınırlandırıcı olarak Çok Katmanlı Perseptron (ÇKP) kullanıyoruz. ÇKP daha sonra budanarak kul-lanılabilecek temel girdi kümesi inceleniyor. Budama yöntemimiz yardımıyla, daha az sayıda girdi kullanan, gürbüz ve becerikli bir sınırlandırıcı elde ediliyor. Böylelikle, TBA ünitesi tarafından üretilen girdi kümesinin az elemanlı bir alt kümesini kullanmanın cinsiyet tahmini için yeterli olduğunu gösteriyoruz. Deney lerimizi, iki ayrı yüz veritabanında test ediyoruz. Bunlardan birisi, günümüzdeki en geniş yüz veritabanıdır ve cinsiyet tahmini için TBA yaklaşımı bu veritabanı üzerinde daha önceden başka araştırmalarda hiç denenmemiştir

The effect of compression ratio in constant load and speed conditions on engine characteristics

İçten yanmalı motorlarda yakıt ekonomisi ve egzoz emisyonlarının iyileştirilmesi ile ilgili araştırmalar günümüzde yoğunlaşmıştır. İşletme parametrelerinin motor performansı üzerindeki olumlu etkisini artırmak için çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada motor performansını etkileyen en önemli parametrelerden biri olan sıkıştırma oranının motor gücü, yakıt ekonomisi ve egzoz emisyonlarına olan etkileri deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Deneyler; buji ile ateşlemeli, tek silindirli, dört zamanlı, hava soğutmalı, sıkıştırma oranı 4/1 ile 10/1 arasında ayarlanabilen değişken sıkıştırma oranlı bir motorda yapılmıştır. Sabit kısmi yük ve hızda sıkıştırma oranının artması ile birlikte motor gücünde % 29 artma, özgül yakıt tüketiminde % 23 azalma elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca CO emisyonlarında % 20 düşme kaydedilirken HC misyonlarının % 38 oranında arttığı gözlenmiştir.Studies on improving fuel economy and exhaust emissions in the internal combustion engines have been gained more importance day by day. Currently, the improvements of the effects of operating variables on the engine performance have been researched. In this study, the important operating variable that is compression ratio affecting on engine power, fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated. For the experiments, spark ignited, single cylinder, air-cooled and four stroke variable compression ratio engine was used. This engine's compression ratio is variable between 4/1 and 10/1. The results show that the increment on compression ratio increases 29 % engine power and decreases 23 % specific fuel consumption in constant load and speed conditions. In addition, the increment on compression ratio was provided almost 20 % decreases at CO and 38 % increases at HC emissions