Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Comparação entre duas órteses de abdução no tratamento do pé torto congênito

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-11T20:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar e comparar a eficácia entre dois tipos de órtese de abdução para o pé, tipo Denis-Browne (tradicional) e a proposta por Dobbs (dinâmica), quanto à manutenção da correção das deformidades e da prevenção das recidivas. Método: Estudo de casos, retrospectivo e comparativo, com levantamento de prontuários de crianças com PTCI. Foram avaliados 28 pacientes, totalizando 43 pés, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 - tratados com aparelho tradicional, 16 pacientes, 24 PTCI. Grupo 2 - tratados com aparelho dinâmico, 12 pacientes, totalizando 19 PTCI. A análise estatística comparou as variáveis categóricas entre os grupos com o teste ANOVA. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: No grupo 1, a recidiva ocorreu em dois pés (8,33%) e no grupo 2 em um pé (5,26%). Na comparação das duas órteses, a eficácia não apresentou diferença significante. Conclusão: Ambos os aparelhos de abdução mostraram-se eficazes na manutenção da correção das deformidades do pé torto congênito. Não ocorreu significância estatística em relação às órteses e a ocorrência de recidivas. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the effectiveness of two types of abduction orthotics used for the feet, the Denis-Browne type (traditional) and the Dobbs type (dynamic), with regard to maintenance of deformity correction and prevention of recurrence . Method: In this comparative retrospective case study, information was collected from the medical records of children with idiopathic congenital clubfoot (CCF). We evaluated a total of 43 feet in 28 patients, which were divided into two groups. Group 1 was comprised of 16 patients with a total of 24 CCFs treated with the traditional orthotic device. Group 2 consisted of 12 patients with a total of 19 CCFs treated with the dynamic orthotic device. The statistical analysis used the ANOVA test to compare the categorical variables between the groups. A significance level of 5% was adopted (p-value≤0.05) . Results: In Group 1, recurrence was observed in 2 feet (8.33%), and in 1 foot in Group 2 (5.26%). No significant difference in effectiveness was seen between the two types of orthotic devices . Conclusion: Both abduction devices were seen to be effective in maintaining correction of congenital clubfoot deformities. There was no statistical significance between type of orthotic device and recurrence. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Comparative Study.[Gil, Bruno Leite; Torres Filho, Lucio Carlos de Azevedo; Santos, Tarsila Pagnan Silva dos] Hospital Universitário de Taubaté, BrazilLara, Luiz Carlos Ribeiro] Universidade de Taubaté, Brazi

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF ABDUCTION ORTHOTICS IN TREATING CONGENITAL CLUBFOOT

<div><p>ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the effectiveness of two types of abduction orthotics used for the feet, the Denis-Browne type (traditional) and the Dobbs type (dynamic), with regard to maintenance of deformity correction and prevention of recurrence . Method: In this comparative retrospective case study, information was collected from the medical records of children with idiopathic congenital clubfoot (CCF). We evaluated a total of 43 feet in 28 patients, which were divided into two groups. Group 1 was comprised of 16 patients with a total of 24 CCFs treated with the traditional orthotic device. Group 2 consisted of 12 patients with a total of 19 CCFs treated with the dynamic orthotic device. The statistical analysis used the ANOVA test to compare the categorical variables between the groups. A significance level of 5% was adopted (p-value≤0.05) . Results: In Group 1, recurrence was observed in 2 feet (8.33%), and in 1 foot in Group 2 (5.26%). No significant difference in effectiveness was seen between the two types of orthotic devices . Conclusion: Both abduction devices were seen to be effective in maintaining correction of congenital clubfoot deformities. There was no statistical significance between type of orthotic device and recurrence. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Comparative Study.</p></div

Herniorrafia inguinal com anestesia local em regime ambulatorial

OBJETIVO: Comprovar a viabilidade da técnica de herniorrafia inguinal com anestesia local, em regime ambulatorial, com segurança, eficácia e curta curva de aprendizado. MÉTODOS: Analisamos prospectivamente 454 pacientes submetidos à herniorrafias inguinais sob anestesia local em regime ambulatorial entre novembro de 2004 e agosto de 2008. Do total de hérnias tratadas cirurgicamente neste período, 285 foram operadas à direita, 163 à esquerda e seis bilaterais. Foram utilizados critérios clínicos, cirúrgicos e psicossociais para inclusão no procedimento. Os parâmetros para exclusão foram hérnia complexa ou irredutível, hérnia recidivada, obesidade (IMC maior que 30 Kg/m²), recusa do paciente e pacientes psiquiátricos. Todos os pacientes foram operados eletivamente e analisados quanto ao resultado cirúrgico, suas complicações e tempo de internação hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Todas as operações foram concluídas com êxito. Em nenhum dos casos foi necessário a mudança do método anestésico. O tempo cirúrgico foi semelhante ao realizado com outros métodos de anestesia, não havendo casos de efeitos adversos dos anestésicos locais. As complicações intra-operatórias totalizaram aproximadamente 2,64% (12/454) dos casos. Não houve necessidade de internações hospitalares superiores ao período de 24 horas. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento é viável sem dor per - operatória significativa, com segurança, podendo ser realizada por residentes sob supervisão, com satisfatória aceitação pelos pacientes, com complicações semelhantes às observadas em uma herniorrafia convencional, possibilitando um tempo e custo de internação menor e acesso mais rápido dos pacientes ao tratamento

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt