Enjeux éthiques du signalement de la maltraitance aux services de protection de la jeunesse : expériences et perspectives des soignants d’un centre hospitalier pédiatrique de soins tertiaires

La maltraitance des enfants est une problématique mondiale majeure qui est de plus en plus reconnue comme étant un problème de santé publique, mais aussi une violation inacceptable des droits fondamentaux des enfants. Les systèmes tentent de protéger les victimes entre autres à travers des législations rendant obligatoire le signalement des situations de violence ou de négligence envers les enfants aux services de protection de la jeunesse. Il est possible que ces législations permettent une meilleure identification des cas de maltraitance. Toutefois, le réel impact du signalement obligatoire et les perspectives des professionnels de la santé à son sujet doivent continuer d’être explorés. Plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux obstacles ressentis lorsqu’un professionnel envisage faire un signalement, mais très rarement avec un intérêt pour les dilemmes moraux. À travers une étude exploratoire, notre objectif était de décrire les expériences et perspectives de cliniciens d’un centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique du Québec face aux dilemmes moraux engendrés par le besoin de signaler une situation qu'ils identifient comme étant possiblement de la maltraitance. Nous avons exploré les impacts potentiels de la profession (infirmiers.ières, médecins, résidents), du milieu de travail (pédiatrie générale, néonatologie, urgence) et du nombre d’années en pratique. Une attention particulière a été accordée au concept de divulgation du signalement, à la perception de la formation reçue et aux inquiétudes engendrées pour la sécurité des enfants pendant la pandémie à COVID-19. Cent trente-cinq participants ont répondu à un questionnaire anonyme en ligne développé par l’équipe de recherche en se basant sur la littérature existante. Quatre-vingt-seize pourcents des répondants avaient rencontré des situations de possible maltraitance dans le cadre de leur travail. Ils étaient généralement subjectivement engagés envers leurs responsabilités de signaler celles-ci, mais ne seulement 44% l’avaient déjà fait eux-mêmes. Le travail d’équipe et la délégation des responsabilités semblaient contribuer à cet écart entre l’exposition des participants et leurs expériences de signalement. Soixante-neuf pourcents des répondants considéraient que le signalement devrait être divulgué aux familles au moins aussi souvent que possible, même si plusieurs exprimaient des craintes à cet effet, principalement en lien avec leur propre sécurité. La formation était perçue comme importante, mais déficitaire selon 88-89% des répondants. La pandémie à COVID-19 et les mesures sanitaires associées ont suscité d’importantes inquiétudes pour la sécurité des enfants dans leur foyer. Plusieurs aspects éthiques, explorés en détails dans ce travail, doivent être pris en considération quand il est question de maltraitance pédiatrique, à la fois en clinique et dans les enseignements au sujet de sa reconnaissance et de son signalement.Child maltreatment is an important global problem that is increasingly being recognised as a public health issue as well as a clear violation of children’s fundamental rights. Mandatory reporting is a legislative attempt to decrease its prevalence and impacts. It is generally thought that these laws improve child maltreatment detection rates. However, the actual effects of these legislations, as well as mandated reporters’ perspectives on them, remain unclear. Several studies have explored the obstacles that are perceived in the reporting process, including many of which can be considered moral dilemmas. Through an exploratory study, our aim was to describe the experiences and perspectives of healthcare professionals from a large Quebec paediatric university centre when they considered reporting the situation of a child to protective services. We were interested in the reporting process rather than initial identification. We also explored how profession (nurse, doctor or resident), work environment (general paediatrics team, neonatal intensive care unit or emergency department) and years in practice influenced these experiences and perspectives. Additional questions addressed the concept of disclosure of the reporting to the families involved, training on child maltreatment and its reporting as well as the perceived impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s safety. One hundred and thirty-five respondents answered an anonymous online survey constructed by the research team based on a review of the available literature. Most (96%) participants had encountered situations of possible child maltreatment through their work and reported being committed to their mandated reporting obligations. However, only 44% had personally reported a situation to protective services. Teamwork and/or delegation of reporting duties seemed to contribute to the gap between exposure and reporting experiences. Sixty nine percent of participants felt that families should be told about healthcare professionals’ concerns at least as often as possible, but many expressed significant concerns, mostly related to their own safety and wellbeing. Training was lacking according to 88-89% of respondents. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and associated sanitary restrictions, participants were concerned for children’s safety in their homes. Many ethical aspects of the reporting process should be considered when addressing a particular situation but also when teaching and training professionals in the identification and reporting of child maltreatment

Социально-психологические факторы снижения безопасности дорожного движения в системе взаимодействия Человек-Техника-Среда

Predicting the effect of climate change on biodiversity is a multifactorial problem that is complicated by potentially interactive effects with habitat properties and altered species interactions. In a microcosm experiment with communities of microalgae, we analysed whether the effect of rising temperature on diversity depended on the initial or the final temperature of the habitat, on the rate of change, on dispersal and on landscape heterogeneity. We also tested whether the response of species to temperature measured in monoculture allowed prediction of the composition of communities under rising temperature. We found that the final temperature of the habitat was the primary driver of diversity in our experimental communities. Species richness declined faster at higher temperatures. The negative effect of warming was not alleviated by a slower rate of warming or by dispersal among habitats and did not depend on the initial temperature. The response of evenness, however, did depend on the rate of change and on the initial temperature. Community composition was not predictable from monoculture assays, but higher fitness inequality (as seen by larger variance in growth rate among species in monoculture at higher temperatures) explained the faster loss of biodiversity with rising temperature

Little evidence for morphological change in a resilient endemic species following the introduction of a novel predator

Human activities, such as species introductions, are dramatically and rapidly altering natural ecological processes and often result in novel selection regimes. To date, we still have a limited understanding of the extent to which such anthropogenic selection may be driving contemporary phenotypic change in natural populations. Here, we test whether the introduction of the piscivorous Nile perch, Lates niloticus, into East Africa's Lake Victoria and nearby lakes coincided with morphological change in one resilient native prey species, the cyprinid fish Rastrineobola argentea. Drawing on prior ecomorphological research, we predicted that this novel predator would select for increased allocation to the caudal region in R. argentea to enhance burst-swimming performance and hence escape ability. To test this prediction, we compared body morphology of R. argentea across space (nine Ugandan lakes differing in Nile perch invasion history) and through time (before and after establishment of Nile perch in Lake Victoria). Spatial comparisons of contemporary populations only partially supported our predictions, with R. argentea from some invaded lakes having larger caudal regions and smaller heads compared to R. argentea from uninvaded lakes. There was no clear evidence of predator-associated change in body shape over time in Lake Victoria. We conclude that R. argentea have not responded to the presence of Nile perch with consistent morphological changes and that other factors are driving observed patterns of body shape variation in R. argentea

High predictability of direct competition between marine diatoms under different temperatures and nutrient states

The distribution of marine phytoplankton will shift alongside changes in marine environments, leading to altered species frequencies and community composition. An understanding of the response of mixed populations to abiotic changes is required to adequately predict how environmental change may affect the future composition of phytoplankton communities. This study investigated the growth and competitive ability of two marine diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana , along a temperature gradient (9–35°C) spanning the thermal niches of both species under both high‐nitrogen nutrient‐replete and low‐nitrogen nutrient‐limited conditions. Across this temperature gradient, the competitive outcome under both nutrient conditions at any assay temperature, and the critical temperature at which competitive advantage shifted from one species to the other, was well predicted by the temperature dependencies of the growth rates of the two species measured in monocultures. The temperature at which the competitive advantage switched from P. tricornutum to T. pseudonana increased from 18.8°C under replete conditions to 25.3°C under nutrient‐limited conditions. Thus, P. tricornutum was a better competitor over a wider temperature range in a low N environment. Being able to determine the competitive outcomes from physiological responses of single species to environmental changes has the potential to significantly improve the predictive power of phytoplankton spatial distribution and community composition models

Communities that thrive in extreme conditions captured from a freshwater lake

Organisms that can grow in extreme conditions would be expected to be confined to extreme environments. However, we were able to capture highly productive communities of algae and bacteria capable of growing in acidic (pH 2), basic (pH 12) and saline (40 ppt) conditions from an ordinary freshwater lake. Microbial communities may thus include taxa that are highly productive in conditions that are far outside the range of conditions experienced in their host ecosystem. The organisms we captured were not obligate extremophiles, but were capable of growing in both extreme and benign conditions. The ability to grow in extreme conditions may thus be a common functional attribute in microbial communities.</jats:p

Predictable ecological response to rising CO2 of a community of marine phytoplankton

Rising atmospheric CO2 and ocean acidification are fundamentally altering conditions for life of all marine organisms, including phytoplankton. Differences in CO2 related physiology between major phytoplankton taxa lead to differences in their ability to take up and utilize CO2. These differences may cause predictable shifts in the composition of marine phytoplankton communities in response to rising atmospheric CO2. We report an experiment in which seven species of marine phytoplankton, belonging to four major taxonomic groups (cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, diatoms, and coccolithophores), were grown at both ambient (500 ?atm) and future (1,000 ?atm) CO2 levels. These phytoplankton were grown as individual species, as cultures of pairs of species and as a community assemblage of all seven species in two culture regimes (high?nitrogen batch cultures and lower?nitrogen semicontinuous cultures, although not under nitrogen limitation). All phytoplankton species tested in this study increased their growth rates under elevated CO2 independent of the culture regime. We also find that, despite species?specific variation in growth response to high CO2, the identity of major taxonomic groups provides a good prediction of changes in population growth and competitive ability under high CO2. The CO2?induced growth response is a good predictor of CO2?induced changes in competition (R2 > .93) and community composition (R2 > .73). This study suggests that it may be possible to infer how marine phytoplankton communities respond to rising CO2 levels from the knowledge of the physiology of major taxonomic groups, but that these predictions may require further characterization of these traits across a diversity of growth conditions. These findings must be validated in the context of limitation by other nutrients. Also, in natural communities of phytoplankton, numerous other factors that may all respond to changes in CO2, including nitrogen fixation, grazing, and variation in the limiting resource will likely complicate this prediction

The essence of psychologic and pedagogical diagnostics

Уточняется понятие «психолого-педагогическая диагностика», рассматриваются функции, принципы, этапы психолого-педагогической диагностикиIn the article the idea of «psychologic and pedagogical diagnostics» is precised, also there are facilities, values, and phases of psychologic and pedagogical diagnostic

Eco-evolutionary dynamics in fragmented landscapes

Peer reviewedPostprin

Growth rate evolution in improved environments under Prodigal Son dynamics

I use an individual‐based model to investigate the evolution of cell division rates in asexual populations under chronic environmental enrichment. I show that maintaining increased growth rates over hundreds of generations following environmental improvement can be limited by increases in cellular damage associated with more rapid reproduction. In the absence of further evolution to either increase damage tolerance or decrease the cost of repair or rate of damage, environmental improvement does not reliably lead to long‐term increases in reproductive rate in microbes. Here, more rapid cell division rates also increases damage, leading to selection for damage avoidance or repair, and a subsequent decrease in population growth, which I call Prodigal Son dynamics, because the consequences of ‘living fast’ force a return to ancestral growth rates. Understanding the conditions under which environmental enrichment is expected to sustainably increase cell division rates is important in applications that require rapid cell division (e.g. biofuel reactors) or seek to avoid the emergence of rapid cell division rates (controlling biofouling)