Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and its interpretation in terms of stresses in the lithosphere

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) as measured at the surface of the lithosphere or underground shows preferred orientations, which can be related to microcracks and other brittle structures at micro and nano scales (see Bahat et al. 2005 and references therein). During the last years, numerous studies showed the applicability of EMR measurements for the determination of active fractures and stress orientations. EMR is determined with a ‘Cerescope’, which picks up EMR signals at frequencies from 5– 50 kHz (Obermeyer, 2005) with a ferrite aerial and processes them electronically so that the results can be displayed on a screen or copied to a computer. With the help of oriented EMR measurements, intensity variations are determined, which can be related to preferred crack fracture orientations. From this information, orientations of the principal stresses can be calculated. In addition, the intensity of the EMR is related to stress magnitudes...conferenc

Phosphine-Substituted (η⁵‑Pentadienyl) Manganese Carbonyl Complexes: Geometric Structures, Electronic Structures, and Energetic Properties of the Associative Substitution Mechanism, Including Isolation of the Slipped η³‑Pentadienyl Associative Intermediate

The molecule (η⁵-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)₃ (η⁵-Me₂Pdl = 2,4-dimethyl-η⁵-pentadienyl) has been prepared by a new method and used as a starting material to prepare the molecules (η⁵-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)_<i>n</i>(PMe₃)_3–<i>n</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, 1) by phosphine substitution for carbonyls. The first carbonyl substitution is achieved thermally in refluxing cyclohexane, and the second carbonyl substitution requires photolysis. At room temperature in benzene the associative intermediate (η³-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)₃(PMe₃) that precedes the initial loss of carbonyl is observed. Single-crystal structures are reported for all complexes, including the associative intermediate of the first substitution in which the pentadienyl ligand has slipped to the η³ bonding mode. These molecules offer an opportunity to examine fundamental principles of the interactions between metals and pentadienyl ligands in comparison to the well-developed chemistry of metal cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes as a function of electron richness at the metal center. Photoelectron spectra of these molecules show that the Me₂Pdl ligand has π ionizations at energy lower than that for the analogous Cp ligand and donates more strongly to the metal than the Cp ligand, making the metal more electron rich. Phosphine substitutions for carbonyls further increase the electron richness at the metal center. Density functional calculations provide further insight into the electronic structures and bonding of the molecules, revealing the energetics and role of the pentadienyl slip from η⁵ to η³ bonding in the early stages of the associative substitution mechanism. Computational comparison with dissociative ligand substitution mechanisms reveals the roles of dispersion interaction energies and the entropic free energies in the ligand substitution reactions. An alternative scheme for evaluating the computational translational and rotational entropy of a dissociative mechanism in solution is offered

Phosphine-Substituted (η⁵‑Pentadienyl) Manganese Carbonyl Complexes: Geometric Structures, Electronic Structures, and Energetic Properties of the Associative Substitution Mechanism, Including Isolation of the Slipped η³‑Pentadienyl Associative Intermediate

The molecule (η⁵-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)₃ (η⁵-Me₂Pdl = 2,4-dimethyl-η⁵-pentadienyl) has been prepared by a new method and used as a starting material to prepare the molecules (η⁵-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)_<i>n</i>(PMe₃)_3–<i>n</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, 1) by phosphine substitution for carbonyls. The first carbonyl substitution is achieved thermally in refluxing cyclohexane, and the second carbonyl substitution requires photolysis. At room temperature in benzene the associative intermediate (η³-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)₃(PMe₃) that precedes the initial loss of carbonyl is observed. Single-crystal structures are reported for all complexes, including the associative intermediate of the first substitution in which the pentadienyl ligand has slipped to the η³ bonding mode. These molecules offer an opportunity to examine fundamental principles of the interactions between metals and pentadienyl ligands in comparison to the well-developed chemistry of metal cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes as a function of electron richness at the metal center. Photoelectron spectra of these molecules show that the Me₂Pdl ligand has π ionizations at energy lower than that for the analogous Cp ligand and donates more strongly to the metal than the Cp ligand, making the metal more electron rich. Phosphine substitutions for carbonyls further increase the electron richness at the metal center. Density functional calculations provide further insight into the electronic structures and bonding of the molecules, revealing the energetics and role of the pentadienyl slip from η⁵ to η³ bonding in the early stages of the associative substitution mechanism. Computational comparison with dissociative ligand substitution mechanisms reveals the roles of dispersion interaction energies and the entropic free energies in the ligand substitution reactions. An alternative scheme for evaluating the computational translational and rotational entropy of a dissociative mechanism in solution is offered

Phosphine-Substituted (η⁵‑Pentadienyl) Manganese Carbonyl Complexes: Geometric Structures, Electronic Structures, and Energetic Properties of the Associative Substitution Mechanism, Including Isolation of the Slipped η³‑Pentadienyl Associative Intermediate

The molecule (η⁵-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)₃ (η⁵-Me₂Pdl = 2,4-dimethyl-η⁵-pentadienyl) has been prepared by a new method and used as a starting material to prepare the molecules (η⁵-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)_<i>n</i>(PMe₃)_3–<i>n</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, 1) by phosphine substitution for carbonyls. The first carbonyl substitution is achieved thermally in refluxing cyclohexane, and the second carbonyl substitution requires photolysis. At room temperature in benzene the associative intermediate (η³-Me₂Pdl)­Mn­(CO)₃(PMe₃) that precedes the initial loss of carbonyl is observed. Single-crystal structures are reported for all complexes, including the associative intermediate of the first substitution in which the pentadienyl ligand has slipped to the η³ bonding mode. These molecules offer an opportunity to examine fundamental principles of the interactions between metals and pentadienyl ligands in comparison to the well-developed chemistry of metal cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes as a function of electron richness at the metal center. Photoelectron spectra of these molecules show that the Me₂Pdl ligand has π ionizations at energy lower than that for the analogous Cp ligand and donates more strongly to the metal than the Cp ligand, making the metal more electron rich. Phosphine substitutions for carbonyls further increase the electron richness at the metal center. Density functional calculations provide further insight into the electronic structures and bonding of the molecules, revealing the energetics and role of the pentadienyl slip from η⁵ to η³ bonding in the early stages of the associative substitution mechanism. Computational comparison with dissociative ligand substitution mechanisms reveals the roles of dispersion interaction energies and the entropic free energies in the ligand substitution reactions. An alternative scheme for evaluating the computational translational and rotational entropy of a dissociative mechanism in solution is offered

Das Europäische Parlament

In einem jahrzehntelangen Prozess hat sich das Europäische Parlament von einer beratenden Einrichtung zu einem Mitgestalter europäischer Politik entwickelt. Heute besitzt es sowohl innerhalb der Union als auch als globaler Akteur politisches Gewicht. Diese Erfolgsgeschichte wird von den europäischen Bürgerinnen und Bürgern nur beschränkt wahrgenommen, wie die geringe Beteiligung an den Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament zeigt. Das vorliegende Buch beantwortet zentrale Fragen: Wie funktioniert diese demokratisch legitimierte Institution? Was bedeutet ihr Machtzuwachs konkret? Welche weiteren Entwicklungen können erwartet werden?In May 2014 the 8th European elections take place. 751 Members of Parliament form 28 different countries are directly elected for a five-year term form an electorate of 383 Mio citizens. The European Parliament is a dynamic, truly supranational and since Lisbon a more and more powerful actor. It negotiates on eye-level with the Council of Ministers, holds the European Commission effectively accountable, represents the aggregated interests, ideas and concerns of the Union's citizens, and supervises the development of the EU together with the national parliaments. As a global player the European Parliament deals with members of parliaments of third countries, negotiates international agreements and watches over the protection of human rights and democracy. The authors - MEPs, officials, stakeholders and experts - gibe a deep practical and academic insight into all functions of the European Parliament. The different articles take into account the specific conditions of the EU's only directly legitimized institution. For academics and practitioners alike, Dialer, Neisser and Lichtenberger offer a superb "guide" for any serious understanding of the world's only elected transnational parliament