Bergordnung Schemnitz 1466

Die Bergordnung für Schemnitz/Banská Štiavnica wurde im Jahr 1466 als Anhang zum Stadtrecht im Stadtbuch (1432 begonnen) niedergeschrieben. Von den 59 Paragrafen waren nur die Paragrafen 42 bis 59 für das das Bergrecht relevant. Die Entstehungszeit der Bergordnung geht auf die Regierungszeit König Béla IV. (1235-1270) zurück. Nach der Einleitung durch König Béla IV. beschreiben die Geschworenen der Stadt die Verleihung von Gruben, die Rechte und Pflichten beim Betrieb der Bergwerke, das Stollenrecht und die Vermessung der Gruben. Im Gegensatz zu späteren Bergordnungen wurden hier nicht aufgetretene Fehlentwicklungen geregelt, sondern bereits klare gesetzliche Regelungen für den Bergbau vorgegeben.sourc

Bergordnung für Espa

Um das Jahr 1540 erließen die Herren zu Franckenstein und die Herren von Heusenstamm eine Bergordnung für die Bergwerke in Espa im Taunus. Als Vorlage für diese Bergordnung diente eine Abschrift der Bergordnung der Grafen von Hohnstein vom 3. Februar 1528 für die Bergwerke in der Grafschaft Lauterberg. Es wurden aber nicht alle Paragrafen übernommen. Es fehlen eine Abschlusserklärung mit den Anwendungsbestimmungen sowie ein Datum zum Erlass dieser Bergordnung. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich bei dieser Bergordnung um einen unveröffentlichten Entwurf. Eine weitere Bergordnung für dieses Gebiet ist aber nicht bekannt.sourc

Bergordnung Herzog Georg von Sachsen für Freiberg

Im Jahr 1529 erließ Herzog Georg von Sachsen eine neue Bergordnung für die Bergwerke in Freiberg. Im Gegensatz zum Erzgebirge, wo die 1509 erlassene Annaberger Bergordnung allgemeine Gültigkeit erlangt hatte, beharrte der Rat zu Freiberg auf ein in Teilen eigenständiges Bergrecht für die Stadt. Die Freiberger Bergordnung wurde vom Rat zu Freiberg gemeinsam mit den Gewerken im Beisein von Herzog Georg erstellt. In den 38 Artikeln wurde im Wesentlichen der Inhalt der Annaberger Bergordnung wiederholt. Neu für Freiberg war die Abrechnung und Austeilung sowie Veranschlagung der Zubuße in einem festgesetzten Zeitraum. Im Gegensatz zur Abrechnung in vier Quartalen, wie es im Erzgebirge seit 1476 Vorschrift war, erfolgte diese in Freiberg zu drei Terminen im Jahr. Weiterhin wurde darauf verwiesen, dass die Freiberger Bergbeamten die Eide analog der Annaberger Bergordnung leisten sollten.sourc

Determination of Spatial Scale in Martian Landscape Images Acquired by the Curiosity Rover, and Viewing Image Scale and Target Chemistry Using the ASIC Website

AbstractIn this paper we describe a method to compute spatial scales for images acquired by NASA's Mars Curiosity rover (Mars Science Laboratory, MSL). The method is based on the assumption that the rover stands on an infinite plane that may have any orientation with respect to the local gravity vector. While not new, it is the first time that this method is systematically applied to Martian images acquired by a lander. A continuously run software pipeline processes the images acquired by the rover within a 20 m radius, adds approximate scalebars to the raw images, and generates, whenever possible, rectified (warped) versions of those images. The products of this software pipeline and the chemical compositions of relevant rover science targets from NASA's Planetary Data System archive, are made available to the public via the Approximate Scale for Images and Chemistry website, which has been developed in collaboration with the Planetary Data System Analyst's Notebook for the MSL mission. Hyperlinks connect the two resources.Plain Language Summary: We developed a software pipeline that calculates the spatial scale of images acquired by NASA's Mars Curiosity rover. The software pipeline is linked to a new website: the Approximate Scale for Images and Chemistry, in which the scalebar products are paired with information about the shape, size, color, and chemical composition of the imaged site, obtained by the rover suite of instruments. The images mimic the vantage point of human eyes and are therefore well‐suited to inspire field geologists (including those mainly working on Earth) to interpret Martian geologic features.Key Points: A systematic method to generate approximate scalebars for obliquely acquired Martian landscape images was developed. A newly created Approximate Scale for Images and Chemistry (ASIC) website links images, color, spatial scale, and chemistry, as returned by NASA's Curiosity rover in Gale crater. The ASIC website is complementary and strongly linked to the Analyst's Notebook, the data resource for Martian/lunar landed missions.Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftProject DEALhttps://asic.mps.mpg.de/https://an.rsl.wustl.edu/msl/http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/msl/msl-m-chemcam-libs-4_5-rdr-v1/mslccm_1xxx/data/moc/http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/msl/msl-m-chemcam-libs-4_5-rdr-v1/mslccm_1xxx/extras/rmi_mosaics/http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/msl/msl-m-chemcam-libs-4_5-rdr-v1/mslccm_1xxx/extras/rmi_contours_in_mcam_images/http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/msl/msl-m-apxs-4_5-rdr-v1/mslapx_1xxx/extras

High Heat Flow Anomaly Within the St Paul Fracture Zone: Heat Advection and/or Inherent Thermal Structure?

AbstractHeat flow across oceanic transform faults (TFs) and fracture zones (FZs) has rarely been studied in detail, despite these features representing distinct thermal boundaries within the oceanic lithosphere. Here, we present heat flow measurements across the St Paul fracture zone (SPFZ) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, from 48 Ma crust in the south to 71 Ma in the north. To the north of the FZ we find a basal heat flow of 63 mWm−2, and to the south a basal heat flow of 79 mWm−2, both in agreement with plate cooling models. However, within the SPFZ we find a heat flow of 83 mWm−2, greater than the values of the adjacent crust and 10–15 mWm−2 higher than predicted from conductive cooling models, suggesting that the thermal structure of the FZ has been modified. Evidence from seismic and sub‐bottom profiler data indicate recent active deformation within the SPFZ, potentially driven by lithospheric flexure across the FZ or temporal changes in TF configuration. We propose that this deformation may enable fluid circulation and heat advection within the basement, creating the seafloor heat flow anomaly within the FZ. These findings suggest that FZs may remain important zones predisposed to host deformation and fluid flow in the oceanic lithosphere, despite not being active plate boundaries.Key Points: A high heat flow anomaly of 10–15 mWm−2 is observed in the St Paul fracture zone compared to the adjacent oceanic crust. The heat flow anomaly is likely due to tectonically driven fluid flow but thermal rejuvenation at the transform fault could also contribute. Fracture zones may act as high permeability pathways for fluid flow, and form and evolve differently to standard oceanic lithosphere.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659FP7 Ideas: European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011199https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.950419https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.95042

A staging system for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) larvae based on external morphology and skeletal development

AbstractAtlantic herring (Clupea harengus) plays a key role within temperate marine food webs and is targeted by a significant over‐regional fishery. Due to its high economic importance, dynamics in herring stock biomass and recruitment are closely monitored, forming the basis for fisheries management advice. As recruitment patterns translate into the adult stock biomass, early life stage ecology has been thoroughly addressed in fisheries research. Larval monitoring programs commonly focus on length measurements and abundance indices, rarely, information on larval developmental stages is given. As length is highly influenced by temperature, salinity and food availability, their size range can significantly vary between cohorts, populations, and ecotypes. Nowadays, a systematic staging system from the 1970s provides the standard guide for herring larval development, although it does not fully resolve important developmental stages. Here, we propose an improved staging system based on external morphology and skeletal development of herring larvae. The staging system has been developed and tested with herring larvae from different populations of the North and Baltic Sea to ensure applicability. The system comprises 15 stages (+substages) in 5 major developmental phases: the yolk sac phase, the dorsal fin development, the caudal fin development, the pelvic fin development, and the juvenile phase. This staging system aims to simplify herring larval staging to gain a more specific picture of early life dynamics. Because of the detailed description of the development, future studies are better equipped to identify stages which, for example, show high mortality rates and better link them to environmental circumstances.Universität Rostock http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012688Promotionsstipendium Universität Rostoc

Characteristics of the Matuyama‐Brunhes Magnetic Field Reversal Based on a Global Data Compilation

Magnetic field reversals are irregular events in Earth's history when the geomagnetic field changes its polarity. Reversals are recorded by spot and continuous remanent magnetization data collected from lava flows and marine sediments, respectively. The latest field reversal, the Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal (MBR), is better covered by paleomagnetic data than prior field reversals, hence providing an opportunity to understand the physical mechanisms. Despite the quantity of data, a full understanding of the MBR is still lacking. The evolution of the MBR in time and space is explored in this work by compiling a global set of paleomagnetic data, both from sediments and volcanic rocks, which encompass the period 900–700 ka. After careful evaluation of data and dating quality, regional and global stacks of virtual axial dipole moment (VADM), virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP), and paleosecular variation index (Pi) are constructed from the sediment records using bootstrap resampling. Individual VADMs and VGPs calculated from lavas are compared to these stacks. Four phases of full‐vector field instability are observed in these stacks over the period 800–770 ka. The first three phases, observed at 800–785 ka, reflect a rapid weakening of the field coupled with low VGP latitude, after which the field returned to the reverse polarity of the Matuyama chron. The fourth phase, lasting from 780 to 770 ka, is when the field reversal process completed, such that the field entered the Brunhes normal polarity state. These findings point to a complex reversal process lasting ∼30 Kyr, with the reversal ending at ∼770 ka.Plain Language Summary: The Earth's magnetic field, or geomagnetic field, which humans and some animals use for navigation, shields us from solar and cosmic radiation. The magnetic North and South poles have repeatedly, but infrequently changed their positions over Earth's history, a phenomenon known as magnetic field reversal. During a reversal, the magnetic field intensity decreased to low levels, which could have had a detrimental impact on our planet as the magnetic shielding is diminished. The magnetic field last switched polarity from the Matuyama reverse state to the current Brunhes normal polarity in the most recent field reversal. This work used regional and global stacks of paleomagnetic sediment records with reasonable age control, to investigate the Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal. From these stacks, we find that the last field reversal took ∼30 Kyr to evolve, beginning at about 800 ka and ending at around 770 ka. Our data compilation indicates that the reversal lasted longer in records from high latitudes than low‐ to mid latitudes records, which confirms a previous suggestion that local reversal duration is latitudinal dependent.Key Points: Global characteristics of the Matuyama‐Brunhes field reversal were examined from well‐dated high‐quality lava and marine core data. The Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal started at 800 ka and the whole process lasted 30 ka. The new data compilation generally confirms longer regional reversal duration at high latitudes compared to low latitudes.Alexander von Humboldt Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010956Discovery Fellowship, GFZ Potsdam, Germany.https://earthref.org/ERDA/2545

Observations of Gravity Wave Refraction and Its Causes and Consequences

Horizontal gravity wave (GW) refraction was observed around the Andes and Drake Passage during the SouthTRAC campaign. GWs interact with the background wind through refraction and dissipation. This interaction helps to drive midatmospheric circulations and slows down the polar vortex by taking GW momentum flux (GWMF) from one location to another. The SouthTRAC campaign was composed to gain improved understanding of the propagation and dissipation of GWs. This study uses observational data from this campaign collected by the German High Altitude Long Range research aircraft on 12 September 2019. During the campaign a minor sudden stratospheric warming in the southern hemisphere occurred, which heavily influenced GW propagation and refraction and thus also the location and amount of GWMF deposition. Observations include measurements from below the aircraft by Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere and above the aircraft by Airborne Lidar for the Middle Atmosphere. Refraction is identified in two different GW packets as low as ≈4 km and as high as 58 km. One GW packet of orographic origin and one of nonorographic origin is used to investigate refraction. Observations are supplemented by the Gravity‐wave Regional Or Global Ray Tracer, a simplified mountain wave model, ERA5 data and high‐resolution (3 km) WRF data. Contrary to some previous studies we find that refraction makes a noteworthy contribution in the amount and the location of GWMF deposition. This case study highlights the importance of refraction and provides compelling arguments that models should account for this.Plain Language Summary: Gravity waves (GWs) are very important for models to reproduce a midatmospheric circulations. But the fact is that models oversimplify the GW physics which results in GWs being underrepresented in models. GW refraction is one of the processes not captured by the physics in model parameterization schemes. This article uses high‐resolution observations from the SouthTRAC campaign to show how GWs refract and highlight the importance there‐of. This case study shows a 25% increase in the GWMF during propagation. The increase in momentum flux is linked to refraction which results in a shortening in the GW horizontal wavelength. This article shows that refraction is important for the amount as well as the location of GWMF deposition. This case study highlights the importance of refraction and provides compelling arguments that models should account for this.Key Points: A case study reveals that refraction results in a 25% increase in gravity wave momentum flux (GWMF). Including refraction dynamics affects the location of GWMF deposition. Refraction is prominent in strong wind gradients (i.e., displaced vortex conditions).ANPCYT PICTDFGBundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347Instituto de Física de Buenos AiresSNCAD MinCyT initiativeHALO‐SPPROMIC WASCLIMhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6997443https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp%23%21/hom

Mechanical Modeling of Pre‐Eruptive Magma Propagation Scenarios at Calderas

Simulating magma propagation pathways requires both a well‐calibrated model for the stress state of the volcano and models for dike advance within such a stress field. Here, we establish a framework for calculating computationally efficient and flexible magma propagation scenarios in the presence of caldera structures. We first develop a three‐dimensional (3D) numerical model for the stress state at volcanoes with mild topography, including the stress induced by surface loads and unloading due to the formation of caldera depressions. Then, we introduce a new, simplified 3D model of dike propagation. Such a model captures the complexity of 3D magma trajectories with low running time, and can backtrack dikes from a vent to the magma storage region. We compare the new dike propagation model to a previously published 3D model. Finally, we employ the simplified model to produce shallow dike propagation scenarios for a set of synthetic caldera settings with increasingly complex topographies. The resulting synthetic magma pathways and eruptive vent locations broadly reproduce the variability observed in natural calderas.Plain Language Summary: Understanding the pathways that bring magma from an underground chamber to the surface helps to prepare for future eruptions in volcanic areas. Dikes are fractures filled with magma and represent the most common mechanism of magma transport in the Earth's crust. Their trajectories may be curved if the Earth's crust is deformed by the load of topography or by tectonic forces. Here we first discuss a model of such deformation processes in volcanic regions with complex but mild topography. Then, we develop a simplified dike propagation model that we compare to a more sophisticated one. Next, we combine our models and simulate magma pathways in artificially‐generated scenarios.Key Points: We present numerical models of crustal stress state in the presence of caldera structures. We develop a fast dike propagation model and validate it on a previous numerical model. We combine our stress and dike models to simulate magma pathways at synthetic calderas.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659http://persson.berkeley.edu/distmesh/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694164https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4726796https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4727208https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2023.00

Geoscientific communications - GMIT

Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom Juni 2022 enthält die Themenblöcke: GEOfokus:Mariengraben - Am Puls der tiefen Erde, GEOaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), GEOlobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), GEOreport (Geowissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Tagungsberichte, Ausstellungen, Exkursionen, Publikationen), GEOszene (Würdigungen, Nachrufe).DFG, SUB Göttingenjourna