Morphological convergence in conifer-dwelling passerines

We tested for morphological convergence in conifer specialists among 88 passerines belonging to seven different phylogenetic lineages by discriminant factor analysis. We found a parallel trend among the seven lineages in body mass and digital pad morphology, whereas no such trends existed for the feeding and flight apparatus. Compared to the control species, the conifer specialists have smaller body masses and higher digital pads with maximal widths lying more distally within each of the seven lineages. These traits are interpreted as adaptations to dwelling among coniferous needle

What is the function of the toe pads in passerines, thermal isolation or locomotion?

Die Funktion der Zehensohlenballen bei Singvögeln wird einerseits der Lokomotion anderseits der Wärmeisolation zugeschrieben. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die Beziehung zwischen Höhe des proximalen Zehensohlenballens der Hinterzehe von 88 Singvogelarten aus 7 Gattungen mit der Temperatur im Überwinterungsgebiet und dem Anteil an Koniferennadeln im Substrat, auf dem sich die Vögel während der Nahrungssuche fortbewegen. In 2 Gattungen (Carduelis, Carpodacus) korrelierte die Temperatur im Überwinterungsgebiet mit der Höhe des Zehensohlenballens. In 3 Gattungen (Parus, Phylloscopus, Sitta) zeigte das Substrat einen starken Zusammenhang mit der Zehensohlenballenhöhe. Und in 2 Gattungen (Dendroica, Regulus) korrelierten beide ökologischen Faktoren mit der Höhe des Zehensohlenballens. Die beiden ökologischen Faktoren sind nicht miteinander korreliert. Sowohl die Temperatur im Überwinterungsgebiet als auch der Anteil an Koniferennadeln im Substrat scheinen einen evolutiven Einfluss auf die Ausbildung von hohen Zehensohlenballen auszuüben. Der Einfluss jeder der ökologischen Faktoren ist pro Gattung unterschiedlich ausgeprägt.There exist two hypotheses of the evolutionary selection pressure which produced high toe pads in passerines: First, insulation of the foot soles in cold winter quarters, and second improved locomotion abilities in coniferous needles. In this study, we correlate the height of the proximal hind toe pad with the temperature in the winter quarter and the proportion of coniferous needles in the substrate for 88 passerine bird species belonging to 7 genera. Within 2 genera (Carduelis, Carpodacus) the temperature in the winter quarter is correlated with the height of the hind toe pad. In 3 genera (Parus, Phylloscopus, Sitta) the height of the hind toe pad is related to the substrate. Finally, in 2 genera (Dendroica, Regulus) both ecological factors are correlated with the height of the hind toe pad. The two ecological factors are not correlated with each other. Both the temperature in the winter quarter and the proportion of coniferous needles in the substrate seem to play a role in the evolution of high toe pads in passerines. The degree to which each of the two ecological factors influenced the morphology of the hind toe pad seems to vary among the genera

Palearctic migrants in Africa - competition with tropical species

Eine der wichtigsten Fragen zur Überwinterungsökologie paläarktischer Zugvögel ist, wie diese in ihren Überwinterungsgebieten Ressourcen mit afrikanischen Arten teilen und inwieweit Konkurrenz zwischen den beiden Gruppen eine Rolle bei der Evolution rezenter Avifaunen spielt. Wir fassen die Ergebnisse eigener Untersuchungen in der Elfenbeinküste, Westafrika, zusammen. Diese beschäftigten sich mit der Frage der Habitatwahl, Mikrohabitatwahl und Ressourcennutzung von Trauerschnäpper und Fitis im Vergleich mit ökologischen ähnlichen afrikanischen Arten in den jeweiligen Gilden. Anschließend werden (1) die eigenen Ergebnisse mit denen aus früheren Untersuchungen verglichen, (2) diskutiert, ob es generelle ökologische Merkmale von Langstreckenziehern gibt, (3) die Möglichkeit des Nachweises potenzieller konkurrenzsituationen erläutert und (4) mögliche Schlüsselthemen zu weiteren Forschungen diskutiert. Unsere Studien zeigten, dass die beiden Zugvogelarten verglichen mit afrikanischen Arten nicht generell offenere Habitate und Mikrohabitate nutzten. Sie wurden am häufigsten im strukturreichsten, dem stärksten saisonalen Wechsel unterworfenen Habitat angetroffen. Die beiden Zugvögel waren auch die einzigen Arten, die regelmäßig in allen drei untersuchten Habitattypen angetroffen wurden. Trauerschnäpper und Fitis zeigten jeweils das breiteste Spektrum an Nahrungsaufnahmetechniken und in der Regel auch –substraten im Vergleich mit afrikanischen Vertretern innerhalb ihrer Gilden. Trauerschnäpper waren intraspezifisch territorial aber interspezifische Interaktionen waren kaum zu beobachten wie auch beim Fitis, der regelmäßig in gemeinsamen Schwärmen mit der Graukappeneremomele auftrat. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit früheren Studien ergab, dass es nicht möglich ist, generelle ökologische Merkmale von Langstreckenziehern zu erkennen, da artspezifische Ansprüche an Habitat und Ressourcen bestehen und diese saisonal und räumlich wechseln können. Zugvögel scheinen aber bei der Ressourcennutzung mehr Generalisten zu sein als residente Arten. Dies könnte ihnen erlauben mit residenten Arten zu koexistieren, wobei aber unklar ist, ob Flexibilität eine Anpassung zum Überleben im Überwinterungsgebiet ist oder eine Präadaptation für die Evolution von Zugverhalten. Neuere Untersuchungen stellen jedoch die höhere Flexibilität von Zugvögeln im Vergleich mit residenten Arten in Frage. Die Lösung des scheinbaren Widerspruchs könnten unterschiedliche Ansätze sein, mit denen das Thema diskutiert wird. Mit einem ökologischen Diskussionsansatz könnten Zugvögel flexibler erscheinen als residente Arten, da sie ein breiteres Spektrum von Verhaltensweisen aufweisen, während sie unter evolutiven Gesichtspunkten weniger flexibel erscheinen, wenn sie bestimmte Verhaltensweisen stereotyp unter einer Vielzahl von Bedingungen zeigen. In Bezug auf die Frage, ob Konkurrenz zwischen Zugvögeln und afrikanischen Arten eine Rolle bei der Gestaltung bestehender Vogelgemeinschaften spielt, wird diskutiert, dass weder rein zufällige Ereignisse noch Konkurrenz alleine der Schlüsselfaktor für die Evolution der bestehenden Gemeinschaften sind. In Bezug auf den seit langer Zeit stattfindenden Vogelzug, ist eine Reihe von Faktoren, inklusive interspezifischer Konkurrenz, wahrscheinlich ausschlaggebend für die Koexistenz der beiden Gruppen. Probleme bei Studien zum Verhältnis zwischen ziehenden und residenten Arten ergeben sich aus: (1) der Sichtweise, dass Zugvögel eine homogene Gruppe darstellen, obwohl unterschiedliche Arten unterschiedliche Habitate und Ressourcen nutzen, (2) ein dichotomer Ansatz, der eine rein ziehende Lebensweise von Vögeln paläarktischen Ursprungs mit einer residenten Lebensweise afrikanischer Arten vergleicht, der nicht den wirklichen Verhältnissen entspricht, da er weder die u.U. monatelange Territorialität von paläarktischen Vögeln noch den weit verbreiteten intra-afrikanischen Vogelzug berücksichtigt und (3) individuelle Fitnesskonsequenzen bedingt durch die Anwesenheit andere Individuen kaum untersucht sind und deswegen die Bedeutung von Konkurrenz nur auf rein spekulativer Basis diskutiert werden kann. Diese Probleme müssen bei Untersuchung zur gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von ziehenden und residenten Arten berücksichtigt werden.One of the main questions of former studies on the wintering ecology of long distance migrants is how migrants partition resources with residents in their winter quarters and to what extent competition between the two groups plays a role for the evolution of the present avian communities. Here, we summarize the results of our own studies from Ivory Coast that focused on niche partitioning of the Palaearctic Pied Flycatcher and Willow Warbler and Afrotropical species in their respective guilds with respect to habitat selection, microhabitat use and foraging ecology with the aim to (1) compare them with similar former studies, (2) to discuss whether there are general ecological traits which are characteristic for long-distance migrants, (3) discuss the possibility to detect competition between migrants and residents and (4) to discuss key questions for further studies. Our study revealed that migrants do not generally use more open habitat with respect to tree density than Afrotropical species and do not forage in a generally more open microhabitat. However, migrants were found most frequently in habitats with highest structural diversity and the most pronounced seasonal changes. They were also the only species within their guilds that were found in all three available habitats. The Palaearctic species showed the highest diversity of foraging techniques and in most cases, foraging substrate within their guilds. Pied Flycatchers were intraspecifically territorial but interspecific interactions were neither often observed in Pied Flycatchers nor in Willow warblers which regularly occurred in mixed species flocks with Senegal Eremomelas. A comparison of our results with those of former studies revealed that it is not possible to generalize the migrants’ behaviour because there are species specific requirements which may vary with e.g. season and geography. Migrants however, seem to be more generalists than residents, in many aspects of their use of various resources. This may allow both groups to coexist but it is not clear whether this flexibility is an adaptation to survive on the wintering grounds or a prerequisite for the evolution of bird migration. Recent studies, however, questioned the notion about the migrants’ flexibility. The solution to this apparent contradiction might be that different approaches were used to deal with this question. Migrants might be flexible when an ecological approach is used because they use a diverse repertoire of behaviours but might not be flexible from an evolutionary point of view because the use the same repertoire of foraging behaviours under varying conditions. With respect to the question whether competition shapes present migrant/resident communities it is discussed that probably neither mere chance nor exclusively interspecific competition is the key factor for the evolution of present resident/migrant communities. Instead a set of factors seem to have acted in the past and at present including interspecific competition. It is further argued that problems with respect to studies of mutual influence of the ecology of migrants and residents are (1) to see migrants as a homogenous group although different species use different habitats and resources, (2) the dichotomous approach that concerns only a long-distance migrating lifestyle versus a resident lifestyle because it does not account for some migrants being territorial for several months in Africa and widespread intra-African migration and (3) that individual consequences for survival and fitness through the presence of other individuals are hardly investigated and therefore, discussions about competitive situations remain speculative. This problems have to be overcome to find out more about the mutual influence of Palaearctic migrants and Afrotropical species. It is proposed, that investigations of mixed species flocks of migrants and African species or consequences of habitat selection of territorial migrants could answer some of these questions

Temperate migrants and resident bird species in Afro-tropical savannahs show similar levels of ecological generalism

We are grateful to the Leventis Conservation Foundation for funding this research and wish also to acknowledge and thank staff and field assistants at the A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute (APLORI), Jos, Nigeria, for help with field travel and logistics.The specificity of an animal's habitat requirements will determine its ability to deal with anthropogenic climate and habitat change. Migratory birds are thought to be particularly vulnerable to such change, but theory predicts that they should be largely generalists. This prediction was tested with the aim of assessing whether migratory Palaearctic-breeding birds wintering in the savannah biome of Africa are more or less generalist in their habitat use compared with taxonomically and ecologically similar Afro-tropical resident species. The degree of specialization of these species groups to certain habitat characteristics was assessed and compared by calculating the relative occurrence of the species along habitat gradients, where wide occurrence indicates generalism and narrow occurrence indicates specialism. Palaearctic migrants as a group could not clearly be distinguished as generalists relative to Afro-tropical residents with respect to habitat attributes. The only indication of greater flexibility in Palaearctic migrants was a significant tendency to use habitats over a wider latitudinal range. The results suggest that migrants are generalists, but not necessarily more generalist than taxonomically similar resident species that also occur over a wide range of habitat types within the savannah biome. The availability of specific habitat requirements on the wintering grounds in Africa is therefore unlikely to be a primary limiting factor for many Afro-Palaearctic migratory bird species.PostprintPeer reviewe

Testing multiple pathways for impacts of the non-native Black-headed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus on native birds in Iberia in the early phase of invasion

Not all non-native species have strong negative impacts on native species. It is desirable to assess whether a non-native species will have a negative impact at an early stage in the invasion process, when management options such as eradication are still available. Although it may be difficult to detect early impacts of non-native species, it is necessary to ensure that management decisions can be based on case-specific scientific evidence. We assess the impacts of a non-native bird, the Black-headed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus, at an early stage in its invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. To do this we identify potential pathways by which competition for shared resources by Black-headed Weavers could lead to population declines in two ecologically similar native species, and generate hypotheses to test for evidence of competition along these pathways. Black-headed Weavers could potentially impact native species by displacing them from nesting habitat, or by reducing habitat quality. We found no evidence for either potential competition pathway, suggesting that Black-headed Weavers do not currently compete with the two native species. However, it is possible that mechanisms that currently allow coexistence may not operate once Black-headed Weavers reach higher population densities or different habitats

Morphological trait matching shapes plant–frugivore networks across the Andes

Interactions between resource and consumer species are organized in ecological networks. Species interactions in these networks are influenced by the functional traits of the interacting partners, but the generality of trait-based interaction rules and the relationship between functional traits and a species’ specialization on specific interaction partners are not yet understood. Here we combine data on eight interaction networks between fleshy-fruited plants and frugivorous birds sampled across the tropical and subtropical Andean range. We test which combinations of morphological plant and animal traits determine trait matching between resource and consumer species in these networks. In addition, we test which of the morphological traits influence functional specialization of plant and bird species. In a meta-analysis across network-specific fourth-corner analyses, we found that plant–animal trait pairs related to size matching (fruit size–beak size) and avian foraging behavior (plant height–wing shape and crop mass–body mass) were positively related in these networks. The degree of functional specialization on specific interaction partners was positively related to crop mass in plants and to the pointedness of the wing in birds. Our findings show that morphological trait matching between fleshy-fruited plants and frugivorous birds is a general phenomenon in plant–frugivore networks across the Andes and that specific plant and bird traits can be used to approximate the degree of functional specialization. These insights into the generality of interaction rules are the base for predictions of species interactions in ecological networks, for instance in novel communities in the future, and can be applied to identify plant and animal species that fulfill specialized functional roles in ecological communities.Fil: Bender, Irene Maria Antoinetta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Alemania. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; Alemania. Universitätsbund Halle – Jena – Leipzig. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Kissling, W. Daniel. University of Amsterdam; Países BajosFil: Blendinger, Pedro Gerardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Böhning Gaese, Katrin. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; Alemania. Universitätsbund Halle – Jena – Leipzig. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Hensen, Isabell. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Alemania. Universitätsbund Halle – Jena – Leipzig. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Kühn, Ingolf. Universitätsbund Halle – Jena – Leipzig. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Alemania. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung; AlemaniaFil: Muñoz, Marcia C.. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; Alemania. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Neuschulz, Eike Lena. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; AlemaniaFil: Nowak, Larissa. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; AlemaniaFil: Quitián, Marta. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; AlemaniaFil: Saavedra, Francisco. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; BoliviaFil: Santillán, Vinicio. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; AlemaniaFil: Töpfer, Till. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; AlemaniaFil: Wiegand, Thorsten. Universitätsbund Halle – Jena – Leipzig. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung; AlemaniaFil: Dehling, Matthias. University of Canterbury; Nueva Zelanda. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; AlemaniaFil: Schleuning, Matthias. Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum; Alemani

Spatial Sorting Drives Morphological Variation in the Invasive Bird, Acridotheris tristis

The speed of range expansion in many invasive species is often accelerating because individuals with stronger dispersal abilities are more likely to be found at the range front. This ‘spatial sorting’ of strong dispersers will drive the acceleration of range expansion. In this study, we test whether the process of spatial sorting is at work in an invasive bird population (Common myna, Acridotheris tristis) in South Africa. Specifically, we sampled individuals across its invasive range and compared morphometric measurements relevant and non-relevant to the dispersal ability. Besides testing for signals of spatial sorting, we further examined the effect of environmental factors on morphological variations. Our results showed that dispersal-relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core, with strong sexual dimorphism, indicative of sex-biased dispersal. Morphological variations were significant in wing and head traits of females, suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex. In contrast, traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging showed no signs of spatial sorting but were significantly affected by environmental variables such as the vegetation and the intensity of urbanisation. When taken together, our results support the role of spatial sorting in facilitating the expansion of Common myna in South Africa despite its low propensity to disperse in the native range

Palaeoclimatic events, dispersal and migratory losses along the Afro-European axis as drivers of biogeographic distribution in Sylvia warblers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Old World warbler genus <it>Sylvia </it>has been used extensively as a model system in a variety of ecological, genetic, and morphological studies. The genus is comprised of about 25 species, and 70% of these species have distributions at or near the Mediterranean Sea. This distribution pattern suggests a possible role for the Messinian Salinity Crisis (from 5.96-5.33 Ma) as a driving force in lineage diversification. Other species distributions suggest that Late Miocene to Pliocene Afro-tropical forest dynamics have also been important in the evolution of <it>Sylvia </it>lineages. Using a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis and other methods, we seek to develop a biogeographic hypothesis for <it>Sylvia </it>and to explicitly assess the roles of these climate-driven events.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We present the first strongly supported molecular phylogeny for <it>Sylvia</it>. With one exception, species fall into one of three strongly supported clades: one small clade of species distributed mainly in Africa and Europe, one large clade of species distributed mainly in Africa and Asia, and another large clade with primarily a circum-Mediterranean distribution. Asia is reconstructed as the ancestral area for <it>Sylvia</it>. Long-distance migration is reconstructed as the ancestral character state for the genus, and sedentary behavior subsequently evolved seven times.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Molecular clock calibration suggests that <it>Sylvia </it>arose in the early Miocene and diverged into three main clades by 12.6 Ma. Divergence estimates indicate that the Messinian Salinity Crisis had a minor impact on <it>Sylvia</it>. Instead, over-water dispersals, repeated loss of long-distance migration, and palaeo-climatic events in Africa played primary roles in <it>Sylvia </it>divergence and distribution.</p

Global warming and Bergmann’s rule: do central European passerines adjust their body size to rising temperatures?

Recent climate change has caused diverse ecological responses in plants and animals. However, relatively little is known about homeothermic animals’ ability to adapt to changing temperature regimes through changes in body size, in accordance with Bergmann’s rule. We used fluctuations in mean annual temperatures in south-west Germany since 1972 in order to look for direct links between temperature and two aspects of body size: body mass and flight feather length. Data from regionally born juveniles of 12 passerine bird species were analysed. Body mass and feather length varied significantly among years in eight and nine species, respectively. Typically the inter-annual changes in morphology were complexly non-linear, as was inter-annual variation in temperature. For six (body mass) and seven species (feather length), these inter-annual fluctuations were significantly correlated with temperature fluctuations. However, negative correlations consistent with Bergmann’s rule were only found for five species, either for body mass or feather length. In several of the species for which body mass and feather length was significantly associated with temperature, morphological responses were better predicted by temperature data that were smoothed across multiple years than by the actual mean breeding season temperatures of the year of birth. This was found in five species for body mass and three species for feather length. These results suggest that changes in body size may not merely be the result of phenotypic plasticity but may hint at genetically based microevolutionary adaptations