The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape : A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age-and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to similar to 2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men 50y, women 50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR= 50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may providefurther insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape.Peer reviewe

Composição centesimal, perdas de peso e maciez de lombo (longissimus dorsi) suíno submetido a diferentes tratamentos de congelamento e descongelamento Proximate analysis, weight losses and tenderness of pork loin (longissimus dorsi) submitted to different freezing and thawing treatments

Foram avaliadas a composição centesimal, as perdas de peso e a maciez de porções de carne suína (Longissimus dorsi) grelhadas, submetidas a dois períodos de estocagem (15 e 60 dias) e descongeladas a 7ºC e 25ºC. Constatou-se que os bifes contendo teores mais elevados de umidade correspondem aos tratamentos com 15 dias de estocagem congelada e descongelamento a 7ºC (59,54%) e com 60 dias de estocagem congelada combinada com descongelamento a 25ºC (60,51%). Amostras armazenadas durante 60 dias apresentaram maior teor de minerais (5,58%) em relação àquelas estocadas por 15 dias (4,51%) (análise realizada em amostras grelhadas e pré-salgadas). Os teores de proteína e lipídios e a maciez não foram afetados por quaisquer dos procedimentos. A utilização de 25ºC para o descongelamento ocasionou maiores perdas de peso (40,19%) que 7ºC (33,17%). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem a aplicação de períodos curtos de estocagem congelada e descongelamento sob resfriamento.<br>This paper evaluated the proximate analysis, the weight losses and the tenderness of grilled pork loin (Longissimus dorsi) chops, submitted to two periods of storage (15 and 60 days) and thawed at 7ºC or 25ºC. The higher contents of moisture were found in the pork loin samples kept frozen for 15 days and thawed at 7ºC (59.54%) and in the ones kept frozen for 60 days with thawing at 25ºC (60.51%). Samples stored for 60 days presented higher minerals contents (5.58%) in relation to those stored for 15 days (4.51%) (the analysis was carried out with grilled and pre-salted portions). The different treatments did not influence the lipids and protein contents and the tenderness of the pork loin chops. The use of 25ºC for the thawing caused greater weight losses (40.19%) than 7ºC (33.17%). The results of the present study suggest the application of short periods of frozen storage and thawing in the refrigerator