Influence de la Consommation Alimentaire sur les Personnes Vivant Avec le VIH/Sida à l’Hôpital Militaire d’Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) Avant et Pendant la Prise des Antirétroviraux

The success of HAART has increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV. In order to determine the influence of food consumption on PLWHIV / AIDS, a cohort study was conducted at the Abidjan Military Hospital (HMA) From January 2006 to December 2009, starchy foods, cereals and protein and mineral sources were mostly consumed by patients from different ethnic groups living with HIV before and during ARVs according to their dietary habits. Starchy foods such as plantain, cassava and yam were the most commonly consumed by the Akan ethnic group with respective rates of 88.1%, 83.8% and 79.9% before and 88.7%, 83.7% and 80.3% while taking ARVs. In contrast, sweet potato was the most consumed by non-Ivorians before and during ARVs. Food fortification has also been supplemented by cereals such as rice, maize and millet consumed mainly by the Mandé ethnic group during the taking of the said molecular combinations. In terms of protein sources and mineral salts, fish, meat and eggs were the most consumed by the Akan ethnic group while taking these ARVs. These foods rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins have been reinforced and healthy, varied and balanced consumption has been recommended to them in order to allow their body to better support the various side effects of these molecules and curbing opportunistic diseases. Taking antiretrovirals does not change the diet of people living with HIV / AIDS studied at the Abidjan Military Hospital.Le succès de la multithérapie antirétrovirale a augmenté l’espérance de vie des Personnes Vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH). En vue de déterminer l’influence de la consommation alimentaire sur les PVVIH/sida, une étude de cohorte a été menée à l’Hôpital Militaire d’Abidjan (HMA). De janvier 2006 à décembre 2009, des féculents, céréales, sources protéiques et sels minéraux ont été majoritairement consommés par des patients de différents groupes ethniques avant et pendant la prise des ARV selon leur habitude alimentaire. Les féculents: banane plantain, manioc et igname ont été les plus consommées par le groupe ethnique Akan avec des taux respectifs (88,1 ; 83,8 et 79,9 %) avant et (88,7 ; 83,7 et 80,3 %) pendant la prise des ARV. En revanche, la patate douce a été la plus consommée par les non ivoiriens avant et pendant la prise ARV. Par ailleurs, Le renforcement de l’alimentation a été aussi complété par les céréales telles que : riz, maïs et mil consommés majoritairement par le groupe ethnique Mandé. Au niveau des sources protéiques et sels minéraux : poisson, viande et œuf ont été les plus consommés par le groupe ethnique Akan. Ces aliments ont été renforcés et des consommations, saines, variés et équilibrés ont été conseillées à ceux-ci en vue de permettre à leur organisme de supporter au mieux les effets secondaires et freiner les maladies opportunistes. La prise des antirétroviraux ne changent pratiquement pas le régime alimentaire des PVVIH/sida étudié à l’HMA

Culture du coton : manuel technique

Cette fiche technique sur la culture du coton a pour but de guider les agriculteurs dans la conduite de la culture cotonnière. Elle présente brièvement la plante, les variétés et dispositifs de multiplication, les produits et techniques pour le contrôle des ravageurs ainsi que l'itinéraire technique de la culture cotonnièr

Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection: A case control study

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals. Materials and Methods: A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed. Results: None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR- 145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count. Discussion: No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Antioxidant Activities, Phenolic Compounds and Organic Acids of Raw and Boiled Berries of Solanum Torvum Swartz From Eastern Côte d’Ivoire

Berries of solanum torvum, referred to as wild eggplant, are widely consumed in eastern Côte d'Ivoire in boiled form in sauces or soups. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of these fruits through the estimation of antioxidant capacities of the extracts, identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and organic acids of raw berries and boiled berries to gauge the influence of this cooking. Results showed that boiling caused a considerable decrease in the antioxidant capacity of S. torvum berry extracts. By DPPH scavenging, the effective concentration (EC50) value of extract increased from 20.00 to 42.20 µg/mL, respectively for raw and boiled berries. Regarding EC50 values for antioxidant activities via FRAP, the values of 75.10 and 87.20 µg/mL were obtained, respectively for raw and boiled berries extract. In terms of phenolic compounds, the most predominant were catechin and gallic acid with respective contents of 1.06 and 0.86 mg/kg in the raw berries; 0.86 and 0.71 mg/kg in boiled berries, demonstrating the decrease in levels of these compounds by boiling. Organic acids showed the same decreasing trend during boiling. However, using cooking water when preparing soups or sauces could minimize these losses. In addition to this, one could consider other cooking methods such as steaming to better ensure nutrient retentio

Le rap en Côte d’Ivoire : la désarticulation du code français et les significations d’une poésie urbaine chantée

Le rap fait partie de l’univers culturel urbain de ces dernières années. Importé des sociétés américaines et européennes par la jeunesse africaine, il est en passe de devenir l’une des formes d’expression de l’identité culturelle de cette jeunesse. Au-delà de son apparition spontanée, du fait qu’il s’apparente à un effet de mode, le langage qu’il habite et qui en fait une poésie particulière, est porteur de richesses multiples. En effet, les textes de rap que nous étudions sont essentiellemen..

Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Properties of Fresh and Boiled Solanum torvum Consumed in East of Côte d’Ivoire

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and anti-nutritional factors composition of the Solanum torvum fruit. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing laboratory of Nangui Abrogoua University (Côte d’Ivoire), between June 2019 and March 2020. Methodology: Proximate composition, mineral element profile and phytochemical composition of fresh and boiled S torvum berries were investigated. The S torvum fruit were harvested fresh. One part was cooked in boiling water for 25 min while the other part did not undergo any treatment. These two samples were dried in an oven at 45°C for 72 hours, ground and analyzed according to official analytical method. Results: The results indicated that the boiling caused the loss of nutrients except moisture, fibers and lipids. It was noted a significant reduction of nutrient and anti-nutrients content of berries after boiling. Boiled berries showed a higher energy value (57.07 Kcal) than fresh ones (53.12 Kcal). Despite the boiling, S torvum berries showed high levels of polyphenols (142.54 mg GAE/100g DW (dry weight)), carotenoids (12.96 mg βCE/100g DW), vitamin C (12.03 mg/100 g FW), fibers (6.88%) and ash (7.23%). Minerals analysis of S torvum berries indicated that it is rich in potassium (2046.77 mg/100 g DW), calcium (340.92 mg/100g DW), phosphorus (238.71 mg/100g DW) and magnesium (234.97 mg/100g DW) with high predicted bioavailability for calcium, magnesium and zinc. S torvum fruit contains also iron (7.97 mg/100g DW) and zinc (8.10 mg/100g DW) which are essential for organism. Conclusion: These data indicated that this Solanum torvum fruit consumed in East of Côte d’Ivoire could constitute a potential good source of nutrients for local population

Evaluation of the Gamma Law for Settling Velocity and Trapping Capacity Analysis of Suspended Particles in a Dam Reservoir (Lobo River in Côte d’Ivoire)

International audienceHuman activities and climate change are currently dominant processes that affect hydrological processes, resulting in alterations in water and sediment flows. Evaluation of the settling velocity of suspended solids is a critical parameter in modelling sediment transport. In this study, we investigated seasonal changes in suspended solids’ settling velocity and trapping capacity in the presence and absence of water turbulence on a dam reservoir. Using key parameters such as flow rate, mean settling velocity (V¯), critical velocity (vc), suspended solids concentration, ratio V¯/vc, and shape parameter ‘r’, the trapping capacity on the dam reservoir on the Lobo River in a tropical region was estimated. The results show that, considering the settling velocity of suspended solids, following the Gamma distribution law remains an innovative solution proposed to evaluate the trapping capacity in water reservoirs. The results show that the mean suspended solids settling velocity V¯ is well above the median rate V50%. For a parameter V¯/vc ≥ 4, there is an increase in the trapping capacity of the water retention. As established, a large proportion of the sediment is trapped. Furthermore, for a parameter V¯/vc ≤ 4, a decrease in the trapping capacity of the Lobo River water reservoir is observed

Une place pour les technologies smartphones et les Réseaux Sociaux Numériques (RSN) dans les dispositifs institutionnels de l’alerte aux inondations en France ?

International audienceInformation given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly correspond to the citizens needs as well as to the politics and the safety guidelines. To supply this objective, Numerical Social Networks (NSN) and smartphone applications could positively complete the official institutional system, especially by means of the dynamic nature of shared contents, and with the social interactions they support. Nonetheless, even if several countries (United States or Philippines for example) already use these systems to warn the population in case of future floods, and even if the French government launched a specific app the 2016 June 8th (namely SAIP), the French citizens and stakeholders do not always use them during the alert process. This is generally explained by the French protection system on individual data, the lack of validation over information shared by citizens in real time and by the technical locks the official services have to remove. Then this paper aims to address the benefits and limits from the use of NSN and smartphones during flood warnings in France, to discuss their place in relation to existing mechanisms and to identify research avenues that could be explored by scientists, going beyond a simple contextual opportunity.En cas d’alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dommages ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Pour répondre à un tel enjeu, les Réseaux Sociaux Numériques (RSN) et les applications smartphones apparaissent, de plus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles pouvant compléter, de façon positive, les dispositifs institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et aux nombreuses interactions sociales dont ils sont le support. Alors que plusieurs pays (Etats-Unis, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Suède, Philippines) utilisent déjà ces outils, et même si le Ministère de l'Intérieur a lancé une application urgentiste nommée SAIP le 8 juin 2016, la population et les services de l’Etat sont beaucoup plus réticents en France, la défense de la propriété des données individuelles, le manque de crédit attribuée aux messages, le non respect des standards internationaux, les verrous technologiques étant les premiers facteurs de blocage évoqués. Dès lors, cet article propose d’évaluer les apports et les limites des tels outils à partir de plusieurs retours d’expérience, de discuter de leur place par rapport aux dispositifs existants et de dégager des pistes de recherche qui pourraient être explorées par les scientifiques, en allant au-delà d'une simple opportunité contextuelle