Beyond the ‘East-West’ dichotomy: global variation in cultural models of selfhood

Markus and Kitayama’s (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama’s predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Dicotyles crassus Linnaeus 1758

Dicotyles crassus Linnaeus, 1758 Material examined. Table 2; Figure 28. Dicotyles crassus is a medium-sized mammal with a large triangular head, stocky body, and thin legs. Its fur is mostly dark gray-brown but this species is characterized by a cream-colored collar from the shoulders to the chest. The only similar species is Tayassu pecari, but D. crassus can be easily differentiated because T. pecari is larger, has darker fur, and has a white patch on its cheek and lower jaw. We use D. crassus instead of the commonly used Pecari tajacu following Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014).Published as part of Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan & Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6) on page 720, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Cyclopes didactylus

&lt;i&gt;Cyclopes didactylus&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1758) Material examined. Table 2; Figure 6. &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Cyclopes didactylus&lt;/i&gt; is the only species of the &lt;i&gt;Cyclopes&lt;/i&gt; genus in Mexico (Hall 1981). The small size, prehensile tail, and golden hair make this species distinct from any other species in the region (Reid 2009).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan &amp; Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6)&lt;/i&gt; on page 715, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Mazama temama

Mazama temama (Kerr, 1792) Material examined. Table 2; Figure 30. Mazama temama is a small, reddish brown deer having a rounded body with arched back and slim legs and neck (Reid 2009). In the eastern portion of the study region M. temama is almost sympatric with M. pandora Merriam, 1901 (Medellin et al. 1998). The main differences between these species are their size and color (larger and a paler in M. pandora) (Reid 2009). In previous studies, Mazama spp. were observed at very low abundance in the wetlands of Campeche (Contreras-Moreno et al. 2016). We only have 1 photograph of Mazama spp. in our study, and recorded a second record of a deer killed by a subsistence hunter. Both individuals were identified as M. temama by their reddish-brown fur.Published as part of Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan & Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6) on page 720, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Canis latrans Say 1823

Canis latrans Say 1823 Material examined. Table 2; Figure 19. Canis latrans is the only dog-like species native to the area (Hall 1981). This species could be confused with domestic dogs, but domestic dogs usually have shorter legs and shorter fur (Reid 2009).Published as part of Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan & Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6) on page 718, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Conepatus semistriatus

&lt;i&gt;Conepatus semistriatus&lt;/i&gt; (Boddaert 1758) Material examined. Table 2; Figure 21. &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Conepatus semistriatus&lt;/i&gt; is a large and stocky skunk with a black body and 2 narrow white stripes that run from the forehead to the upper rump. It has a large piglike snout (Reid 2009). &lt;i&gt;Conepatus semistriatus&lt;/i&gt; could be confused with other skunk species (&lt;i&gt;Spilogale angustifrons&lt;/i&gt; Howell, 1902 or &lt;i&gt;Mephitis macroura&lt;/i&gt; Lichtenstein, 1832) that potential occur in the region, but the large and stocky body are sufficient to distinguish this species.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; The study region is close to the area where &lt;i&gt;C. semistriatus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;C. leuconotus&lt;/i&gt; (Lichtenstein, 1832) are sympatric (Hall 1981). However, &lt;i&gt;C. semistriatus&lt;/i&gt; has 2 narrow white stripes on the back compared with &lt;i&gt;C. leuconotus&lt;/i&gt; which only has a single, broad white stripe from the forehead to the tail (Reid 2009). All our photographs of &lt;i&gt;Conepatus&lt;/i&gt; are &lt;i&gt;C. semistriatus&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan &amp; Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6)&lt;/i&gt; on page 718, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Dasyprocta punctata Gray 1842

Dasyprocta punctata Gray, 1842 Material examined. Table 2; Figure 12. Dasyprocta punctata is a large orange-brown rodent with a rounded back and long skinny legs. The study area is at the edge of this species’ distribution range (Hall 1981). However, there is a second potential species, D. mexicana Saussure, 1860 which differs from D. punctata by its black, rather than orange-brown fur. All our photographs of Dasyprocta belong to D. punctata.Published as part of Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan & Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6) on page 718, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus 1758

&lt;i&gt;Dasypus novemcinctus&lt;/i&gt; Linnaeus, 1758 Material examined. Table 2; Figure 4. &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Dasypus novemcinctus&lt;/i&gt; is the only species of dasypodid in Mexico (Hall 1981). This species has an armored body with 8 or 9 conspicuous scutes that make it distinct from any other mammal of the region (Reid 2009).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan &amp; Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6)&lt;/i&gt; on page 715, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71

Galictis vittata

Galictis vittata (Schreber, 1776) Material examined. Table 2; Figure 25. Galictis vittata is a medium-sized, gray weasel having a mostly black face with a white line across the forehead to the ears and down the sides of neck (Reid 2009). This species cannot be confused with any other mammal in the region.Published as part of Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M., Jesús-de la Cruz, Alejandro, Juárez-López, Rugieri, Bravata de la Cruz, Yaribeth, Pérez-Solano, Luz A., Hernández-Lara, Carolina, Friedeberg, Diana, Thornton, Dan & Koller-González, Juan M., 2017, Inventory of medium-sized and large mammals in the wetlands of Laguna de Terminos and Pantanos de Centla, Mexico, pp. 711-726 in Check List 13 (6) on page 720, DOI: 10.15560/13.6.71