Racionalaus antibakterinių vaistų vartojimo algoritmo įtaka Staphylocoscus aureus atsparumo antibiotikams kitimui

Racionalaus antibakterinių vaistų vartojimo algoritmo įtaka Staphylococcus aureus atsparumo antibiotikams kitimui Rokas Bagdonas1, Algimantas Tamelis2, Rytis Rimdeika2, Mindaugas Kiudelis2, Vytautas Jankūnas21 Klaipėdos universitetas,H. Manto g. 84, LT-92294 Klaipėda2 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikųChirurgijos klinika,Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT-44307 KaunasEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Didžiausia nudegimų chirurgijos problema yra infekcija, nuo kurios miršta daugiau kaip 50% visų nudegusių pacientų. Nudegimų žaizda greitai infekuojasi, kadangi žaizdos aplinka yra ideali mikroorganizmams tarpti. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti racionalaus antibakterinių vaistų vartojimo algoritmo įtaką S. aureus mikroorganizmų atsparumo antibiotikams kitimui. Ligoniai ir metodai 2001 m. įdiegtas racionalaus antibakterinių vaistų vartojimo algoritmas Plastinės chirurgijos ir nudegimų skyriuje. Remdamiesi KMUK Mikrobiologijos laboratorijos kompiuterine duomenų baze atlikę perspektyviąją analizę, ištyrėme Staphylococcus aureus atsparumo antibakteriniams vaistams dažnį 2001–2002 metais. Analizuodami retrospektyviąją 2000 m. ir perspektyviąją 2001–2002 m. grupes lyginome, kaip šiose grupėse pakito Staphylococcus aureus atsparumo ciprofloksacinui, gentamicinui, eritromicinui, fucidinui, klindamicinui, oksacilinui, penicilinui, rifampicinui, tetraciklinui ir vankomicinui dažnis. Rezultatai Įdiegus racionalaus antibakterinių vaistų vartojimo algoritmą į klinikinę praktiką, S. aureus bendras atsparumas antibiotikams nereikšmingai sumažėjo. Statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo S. aureus atsparumas eritromicinui ir penicilinui. Išvados Racionalaus antimikrobinių vaistų vartojimo algoritmas leidžia kontroliuoti ir sumažinti S. aureus atsparumą antimikrobiniams vaistams. Įdiegus algoritmą į klinikinę praktiką, statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo S. aureus atsparumas penicilinui ir eritromicinui. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Stapylococcus aureus atsparumas antibiotikams, racionali antibiotikoterapija Rational application algorithm of antibacterial drugs to staphylococcus aureus resistance Rokas Bagdonas1, Algimantas Tamelis2, Rytis Rimdeika2, Mindaugas Kiudelis2, Vytautas Jankūnas21 Klaipėda Universitety,H. Manto str. 84, LT-92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania2 Kaunas University of Medicine, Clinic of Surgery,Mickevičiaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective The major challenge for burn team is infection which is known to cause over 50% of burn deaths. Burns become infected because the environment at the site of the wound is ideal for the propagation of the infecting organism. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rational application algorithm of antibacterial drugs to influence the S. aureus resistance changes to antibiotics. Patients and methods In 2001, the Rational Application Algorithm of antibacterial drugs was introduced into the Plastic Surgery and Burns Department. Performing the perspective analysis, we investigated Staphylococcus aureus resistance and its dynamics to antibacterial drugs using the computerized database of the Microbiology Laboratory in KMUH in 2001–2002. Analyzing a retrospective group (2000) and a perspective one (2001–2002) we compared changes of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, fucidin, clindamycin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampicin, tetracycline and vancomycin. Results S. aureus resistance to antibiotics decreased after introducing the Rational Application Algorithm of antibacterial drugs. The difference is statistically insignificant. The resistance of this microorganism decreased slightly to erythromycin and statistically significantly to penicillin. Conclusions The Rational Application Algorithm of antibacterial drugs allows to reduce and control S. aureus resistance to antibacterial drugs. S. aureus resistance to erythromycin and penicillin decreased statistically significant after introducing the Rational Application Algorithm of antibacterial drugs into clinical practice. Key words: Staphilococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics, racional antibioticotherap

Shouldice, Lichtensteino ir laparoskopinių transabdominalinių preperitoninių kirkšninių išvaržų operacijų ankstyvieji rezultatai

Vytautas Lipnickas1, Mindaugas Kiudelis2, Andrius Gradauskas3, Nerijus Kaselis4, Kęstutis Strupas11 Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Pilvo chirurgijos centras,Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius;2 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Chirurgijos klinika;3 Vilniaus miesto universitetinė ligoninė;4 Klaipėdos miesto ligoninėEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Kirkšninių išvaržų chirurginio gydymo būdų yra daug. Kuris geriausias – nėra aišku. Lietuvoje atlikta pirmoji daugiacentrė perspektyvioji atsitiktinių imčių klinikinė studija. Šio straipsnio tikslas – pateikti minėtos studijos, kurioje palygintos Shouldice, Lichtensteino ir laparoskopinės TAPP kirkšninių išvaržų operacijos, ankstyvuosius rezultatus. Ligoniai ir metodai 2003 metų sausio–gruodžio mėnesiais keturiose Lietuvos ligoninėse pagal Lietuvos bioetikos komiteto patvirtintą daugiacentrės perspektyviosios atsitiktinių imčių klinikinės studijos protokolą buvo operuoti 248 ligoniai. Operacijos atliktos pagal standartizuotus Shouldice, Lichtensteino ir laparoskopinės TAPP kirkšninių išvaržų operacijų protokolus. Rezultatai Ankstyvieji studijos rezultatai parodė, kad visos operacijos yra saugios. Statistiškai reikšmingas skirtumas gautas vertinant operacijos trukmę bei hospitalizacijos laiką – laparoskopinės TAPP operacijos trunka statistiškai reikšmingai ilgiau nei atvirosios, tačiau po laparoskopinių operacijų hospitalizacijos laikas yra statistiškai reikšmingai trumpesnis (p = 0,026 lyginant laparoskopines ir Lichtensteino operacijas). Ankstyvas pooperacinis skausmas statistiškai reikšmingai mažesnis (p < 0,05 po 8 val., p < 0,01 po 24 val.) buvo po laparoskopinių operacijų. Praėjus dviem savaitėms skausmą operacijos vietoje nurodė 36 (42,3%) pacientai po Shouldice operacijos, 23 (28,4%) – po Lichtensteino ir tik 2 (2,4%) – po laparoskopinės TAPP operacijos, o jokių skundų neturėjo atitinkamai 38 (44,7%), 45 (55,6%) ir 63 (76,8%) ligoniai. Išvados Laparoskopinė TAPP operacija yra mažiausią skausmą sukelianti ir labiausiai ligoniui patogi operacija; be to, po šios operacijos hospitalizacijos laikas yra trumpiausias. Tačiau operacija trunka statistiškai reikšmingai ilgiau ir jai atlikti reikia bendrinės nejautros. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kirkšninė išvarža, transabdominalinė preperitoninė (TAPP) hernioplastika, ankstyvieji rezultatai Early results of Shouldice vs Lichtenstein vs laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair: multicenter randomized clinical trial Vytautas Lipnickas1, Mindaugas Kiudelis2, Andrius Gradauskas3, Nerijus Kaselis4, Kęstutis Strupas11 Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Centre of Abdominal Surgery,Santariškių 2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania;2 Kaunas University of Medicine, Clinic of Surgery;3 Vilnius City University Hospital;4 Klaipėda City HospitalE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective Open anterior inguinal hernia repair is a time-tested, safe and well-understood operation with a high success rate, while laparoscopic techniques are fairly recent; their short- and long-term outcomes are still being evaluated, but the best method of inguinal hernia repair is still unclear. Methods A prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial was performed in four surgical centers of Lithuania. Patients were operated on from January to December, 2003. Intraoperative, early and late postoperative complications, time of operation, hospital stay, postoperative pain evaluation, frequency of recurrence and changes of quality of life of laparoscopic TAPP (n = 82), Lichtenstein (n = 81) and Shouldice (n = 85) hernia repair were compared. Results The mean operative time in the laparoscopic TAPP group was significantly longer than the mean operative time in Lichtenstein and Shouldice hernia repair group. There were no major intraoperative complications and only two postoperative wound infections in the Shouldice and Lichtenstein group. There was no difference in the frequency of minor intraoperative and early postoperative complications in the groups. The mean pain scores in the laparoscopic TAPP group were significantly lower than the corresponding scores in the Lichtenstein and Shouldice group (p < 0.05 at 8 h after operation and p < 0.01 at 24 h after operation). Statistically significant differences were found in hospital stay, the shortest stay being recorded in the laparoscopic TAPP group (p = 0.026 comparing laparoscopic TAPP and Lichtenstein hernia repair). 36 (42.3%) patients in the Shouldice and 23 (28.4%) in the Lichtenstein group felt a moderate or mild pain 2 weeks postoperatively, while there were only 2 (2.4%) patients with a mild pain in the laparoscopic TAPP group. There were 38 (44.7%) patients in the Shouldice group, 45 (55.6%) in Lichtenstein group and 63 (76.8%) patients in laparoscopic TAPP group without any complaint after 2 weeks. There were no recurrences at 2 weeks postoperatively. Conclusions The laparoscopic TAPP, Lichtenstein and Shouldice hernia repair are equally safe and have no major intraoperative complications. The laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repair is associated with less postoperative pain and sensitivity disorders, shortest hospital stay, but it requires general anaesthesia and a longer operating time. Keywords: groin hernia, transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernioplasty, early result

Shouldice, Lichtensteino ir laparoskopinių TAPP kirkšninių išvaržų operacijų lyginamasis

Vytautas Lipnickas1, Mindaugas Kiudelis2, Andrius Gradauskas3, Nerijus Kaselis4, Deividas Narmontas1, Kęstutis Strupas11 Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Pilvo chirurgijos centras,Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius;2 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Chirurgijos klinika;3 Vilniaus miesto universitetinė ligoninė;4 Klaipėdos miesto ligoninėEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Pacientai, turintys kirkšninę išvaržą, operuojami ir tradiciniais būdais, ir naujesniais, kai operacijos metu naudojami sintetiniai aloplastiniai tinkleliai. Specialistai tebediskutuoja, kuris chirurginio gydymo būdas yra geriausias. Esant panašiems komplikacijų ir recidyvų skaičiams, svarbūs yra visi operacijos poveikio pacientui aspektai. Vienas jų yra gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai. Metodai Perspektyvus daugiacentris atsitiktinių imčių klinikinis tyrimas, lyginantis Shouldice, Lichtensteino ir laparoskopines TAPP operacijas, atliktas 2003–2004 metais keturiose Lietuvos ligoninėse. Pagal standartizuotą metodiką operuoti 248 pacientai. Prieš operaciją užpildytas bendras visų pacientų gyvenimo kokybės klausimynas SF-36. Praėjus po operacijos 2 sav., 6 ir 12 mėn., pacientai buvo kviečiami kontrolinių patikrinimų, per kurios pildyta speciali paciento fizinės būklės vertinimo anketa ir pooperacinis klausimynas SF-36. Rezultatai Ankstyvu pooperaciniu laikotarpiu statistiškai reikšmingas skirtumas tarp laparoskopinių ir abiejų atvirųjų operacijų grupių rastas vertinant pagal fizinio funkcionalumo, veiklos apribojimo dėl fizinių problemų, kūno skausmo ir socialinio funkcionalumo skales. Statistiškai reikšmingai mažiau pacientų skundėsi skausmu operacijos vietoje po laparoskopinių operacijų, palyginti su atvirosiomis, p < 0,001. Po 6 mėn. rastas laparoskopinių operacijų ir atvirųjų skirtumas vertinant pagal įprastinės veiklos apribojimo dėl fizinių problemų skalę, p < 0,05. Statistiškai reikšmingas skirtumas buvo tarp laparoskopinių ir abiejų atvirųjų operacijų grupių lėtinio skausmo požiūriu, p < 0,01. Po operacijos praėjus 12 mėn., nė vienos SF-36 sveikatos vertinimo skalės statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo nenustatyta. Jo nerasta ir vertinant lėtinį skausmą. Lyginant fizinę būklę, statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi laparoskopinių ir Shouldice operacijų grupės, p < 0,01. Išvados Laparoskopinės TAPP operacijos rezultatai gyvenimo kokybės ir lėtinio skausmo požiūriu tiek ankstyvu, tiek vėlyvu pooperaciniu laikotarpiu yra geriausi. Iš atvirųjų operacijų ankstyvu pooperaciniu laikotarpiu gyvenimo kokybės požiūriu geresni Lichtensteino operacijų grupės rezultatai negu Shouldice operacijų. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kirkšninė išvarža, gyvenimo kokybė, SF-36, lėtinis skausmas Randomized multicenter prospective clinical trial of Shouldice vs Lichtenstein vs laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repair: chronic pain and health-related changes of quality of life Vytautas Lipnickas1, Mindaugas Kiudelis2, Andrius Gradauskas3, Nerijus Kaselis4, Deividas Narmontas1, Kęstutis Strupas11 Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Centre of Abdominal Surgery,Santariškių 2, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania;2 Kaunas University of Medicine, Clinic of Surgery;3 Vilnius City University Hospital;4 Klaipėda City HospitalE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective Open anterior inguinal hernia repair is a time-tested, safe and well-understood operation with a high success rate, while laparoscopic techniques are fairly recent. However, the best surgical approach to the repair of inguinal hernias is still unclear. Given their similarity in terms of complications and recurrence rate, other issues associated with these surgical techniques become more important. One of them is the quality of life. Methods The prospective randomized multicenter clinical study was performed in four surgical centers of Lithuania in 2003. 248 patients were operated on according to standardized protocols of Shouldice, Lichtenstein and laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repairs. Chronic pain and changes of the quality of life according to the SF-36 questionnaire and ad hoc questionnaire of physical status were compared. Results The significantly higher scores in the physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain and social functioning scales for laparoscopic hernia repair at 2 weeks postoperatively were apparent. The laparoscopic group had significantly less pain (p < 0.001). The significantly higher scores in the role-physical scale for laparoscopic to both open hernia repair methods at 6 months after operation were found (p < 0.05). The laparoscopic group had significantly less chronic pain 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.01). No significant difference in quality of life among three methods one year after operation was apparent. The laparoscopic group had less chronic pain one year after operation, but the difference was not significant Conclusions The laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repair had the best scores of quality of life both in the early and the late postoperative periods. There was less chronic pain after laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repair. The higher scores of quality of life were recorded after Lichtenstein versus Shouldice inguinal hernia repair in the early postoperative period. Keywords: groin hernia, health-related quality of life, SF-36, chronic pai

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Polymorphisms in transcription factor binding sites and enhancer regions and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for detecting variants associated with complex traits and can help risk stratification and prevention strategies against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the strict significance threshold commonly used makes it likely that many true risk loci are missed. Functional annotation of GWAS polymorphisms is a proven strategy to identify additional risk loci. We aimed to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in regulatory regions [transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and enhancers] that could change the expression profile of multiple genes they act upon and thereby modify PDAC risk. We analyzed a total of 12,636 PDAC cases and 43,443 controls from PanScan/PanC4 and the East Asian GWAS (discovery populations), and the PANDoRA consortium (replication population). We identified four associations that reached study-wide statistical significance in the overall meta-analysis: rs2472632(A) (enhancer variant, OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.06,1.13, p = 5.5 × 10−8), rs17358295(G) (enhancer variant, OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.10,1.22, p = 6.1 × 10−7), rs2232079(T) (TFBS variant, OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.83,0.93, p = 6.4 × 10−6) and rs10025845(A) (TFBS variant, OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.50,1.12, p = 1.32 × 10−5). The SNP with the most significant association, rs2472632, is located in an enhancer predicted to target the coiled-coil domain containing 34 oncogene. Our results provide new insights into genetic risk factors for PDAC by a focused analysis of polymorphisms in regulatory regions and demonstrating the usefulness of functional prioritization to identify loci associated with PDAC risk.</p

Polymorphisms in transcription factor binding sites and enhancer regions and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for detecting variants associated with complex traits and can help risk stratification and prevention strategies against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the strict significance threshold commonly used makes it likely that many true risk loci are missed. Functional annotation of GWAS polymorphisms is a proven strategy to identify additional risk loci. We aimed to investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in regulatory regions [transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and enhancers] that could change the expression profile of multiple genes they act upon and thereby modify PDAC risk. We analyzed a total of 12,636 PDAC cases and 43,443 controls from PanScan/PanC4 and the East Asian GWAS (discovery populations), and the PANDoRA consortium (replication population). We identified four associations that reached study-wide statistical significance in the overall meta-analysis: rs2472632(A) (enhancer variant, OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.06,1.13, p = 5.5 × 10−8), rs17358295(G) (enhancer variant, OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.10,1.22, p = 6.1 × 10−7), rs2232079(T) (TFBS variant, OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.83,0.93, p = 6.4 × 10−6) and rs10025845(A) (TFBS variant, OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.50,1.12, p = 1.32 × 10−5). The SNP with the most significant association, rs2472632, is located in an enhancer predicted to target the coiled-coil domain containing 34 oncogene. Our results provide new insights into genetic risk factors for PDAC by a focused analysis of polymorphisms in regulatory regions and demonstrating the usefulness of functional prioritization to identify loci associated with PDAC risk.</p

Common variability in oestrogen-related genes and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk in women

The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is different among males and females. This disparity cannot be fully explained by the difference in terms of exposure to known risk factors; therefore, the lower incidence in women could be attributed to sex-specific hormones. A two-phase association study was conducted in 12,387 female subjects (5436 PDAC cases and 6951 controls) to assess the effect on risk of developing PDAC of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 208 genes involved in oestrogen and pregnenolone biosynthesis and oestrogen-mediated signalling. In the discovery phase 14 polymorphisms showed a statistically significant association (P < 0.05). In the replication none of the findings were validated. In addition, a gene-based analysis was performed on the 208 selected genes. Four genes (NR5A2, MED1, NCOA2 and RUNX1) were associated with PDAC risk, but only NR5A2 showed an association (P = 4.08 × 10−5) below the Bonferroni-corrected threshold of statistical significance. In conclusion, despite differences in incidence between males and females, our study did not identify an effect of common polymorphisms in the oestrogen and pregnenolone pathways in relation to PDAC susceptibility. However, we validated the previously reported association between NR5A2 gene variants and PDAC risk

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics