Divergent reduplication as a phenomenon of linguistic creativity

The article analyzes reduction as a linguistic phenomenon and its role in the language game. Reduction exists in the vast majority of languages of the world. Despite of the existence of scientific studies of the graphic and phonetic originality of reduplicates in various languages, the content of these lexical units has not been sufficiently investigated. From the authors’ point of view, ignoring the pragmatic-communicative potential of reduplication creates a one-sided characteristic of this linguistic phenomenon. The role and functions of these language units in creating an aesthetic effect in communication are shown by examples of divergent reduplication. The authors distinguish some functions of divergent reduplication.В статье анализируется редупликация как лингвистический феномен и его роль в языковой игре. Редупликация существует в подавляющем большинстве языков мира. Несмотря на множество исследований графического и фонетического своеобразия редупликатов в различных языках, содержательная характеристика данных лексических единиц освещена недостаточно. Игнорирование прагматико-коммуникативного потенциала редупликации создает, по мнению авторов, однобокую характеристику данного лингвистического феномена. На примерах особого типа редупликации – дивергентной – показана роль и функции данных языковых единиц в создании эстетического эффекта в процессе коммуникации. Авторы выделяют ряд функций дивергентной редупликации

The analysis of words, denoting values in linguistic disciplines

The article analyzes the main approaches to the study of values in linguistic disciplines, such as ethnolinguistics, ethnolinguistic culture studies, psycholinguistics, ecolinguistics, axiological linguistics, political linguistics and the theory of intercultural communication.В статье анализируются основные подходы к исследованию ценностей в лингвистических дисциплинах, таких как этнолингвистика, этнолингвокультурология, психолингвистика, эколингвистика, аксиологическая лингвистика, политическая лингвистика и теория межкультурной коммуникации

Calculation of Options of Possible Aggressive Button Between the Fans of Football Teams with the Use of Combinatory

Calculations of possible induced aggression among fans of football teams at large-capacity stadiums were carried out. For the first time, combinatorics methods have been used for these purposes. The author proposes a classification of stadiums according to the criterion of potential social aggression. "Ekaterinburg Arena" assigned to the second category of this classification. An example of organizational, planning and architectural decisions, reducing the risk of induced social aggression of fans during sporting mega-events, is given.Выполнены расчеты вариантов возможной индуцированной агрессии среди фанатов футбольных команд на стадионах большой вместимости. Впервые для этих целей использованы методы комбинаторики. Предложена авторская классификация стадионов по критерию потенциальной социальной агрессии. «Екатеринбург Арена» отнесена ко второй категории данной классификации. Приведен пример организационных, планировочных и архитектурных решений, снижающий риск индуцированной социальной агрессии фанатов во время проведения спортивных мегасобытий

Improved Upper Limit on the Neutrino Mass from a Direct Kinematic Method by KATRIN.

We report on the neutrino mass measurement result from the first four-week science run of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment KATRIN in spring 2019. Beta-decay electrons from a high-purity gaseous molecular tritium source are energy analyzed by a high-resolution MAC-E filter. A fit of the integrated electron spectrum over a narrow interval around the kinematic end point at 18.57 keV gives an effective neutrino mass square value of (-1.0_{-1.1}^{+0.9})  eV^{2}. From this, we derive an upper limit of 1.1 eV (90% confidence level) on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos. This value coincides with the KATRIN sensitivity. It improves upon previous mass limits from kinematic measurements by almost a factor of 2 and provides model-independent input to cosmological studies of structure formation

The design, construction, and commissioning of the KATRIN experiment

The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which aims to make a direct and model-independent determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, is a complex experiment with many components. More than 15 years ago, we published a technical design report (TDR) [1] to describe the hardware design and requirements to achieve our sensitivity goal of 0.2 eV at 90% C.L. on the neutrino mass. Since then there has been considerable progress, culminating in the publication of first neutrino mass results with the entire beamline operating [2]. In this paper, we document the current state of all completed beamline components (as of the first neutrino mass measurement campaign), demonstrate our ability to reliably and stably control them over long times, and present details on their respective commissioning campaigns

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic