Analysis, assessment, and improvement of fertilizer distribution in pressure irrigation systems

[EN] The transformation of traditional irrigation systems into pressure irrigation networks allows water users associations to use central fertigation systems. For efficient fertigation management, however, it is essential to obtain uniform distribution of the injected fertilizer through the system and to understand the hydraulic processes that take place in the central fertigation system. This will allow users to implement strategies that improve fertilizer distribution. In this work we develop a new methodology to improve fertilizer distribution uniformity and apply it to a case study. The results show how fertilizer distribution can be improved by means of proper scheduling of irrigation deliveries. The best results are obtained when fertigating sectors operate without non-fertigating sectors and there are not intermediate irrigations without fertilizer, achieving an improvement of the fertilizer distribution of 10.5%. In addition, this work highlights the difficulties of obtaining uniform distribution of fertilizer in a centralized irrigation system when there are users that do not want to make use of it.Jiménez Bello, MA.; Martínez Alzamora, F.; Bou Soler, V.; Bartolín Ayala, HJ. (2010). Analysis, assessment, and improvement of fertilizer distribution in pressure irrigation systems. Irrigation Science. 29(1):45-53. doi:10.1007/s00271-010-0215-7S4553291Arviza J y Balbastre I (2002a) “Redes de Riego a presión. Consideraciones sobre la fertirrigación colectiva”. Revista Levante Agrícola nº 359. 1º trimestre. Págs. 70–81. Ediciones y promociones LAV SL. ValenciaArviza J y Balbastre I (2002b) “Redes de Riego a presión. Consideraciones sobre la fertirrigación colectiva. Parte II”. Revista Levante Agrícola nº 360. 2º trimestre. Págs. 133–139. Ediciones y promociones LAV SL. ValenciaArviza J, Martínez F, y Balbastre I (2002) Análisis de la distribución de fertilizantes en sistemas colectivos de riego a presión. XX Congreso Nacional de Riegos. Ciudad Real. EspañaBracy RP, Parish RL, Rosendale RM (2003) Fertigation uniformity affected by injector type. Horttechnology 13:103–105Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, ReadingJiménez MA, Martínez F, Arviza J, Manzano J (2006) Herramientas para el uso racional del agua con el apoyo de un GIS (HuraGIS). XXIV. Congreso nacional de riegos. Lugo (Spain). (Jun 2006)Jiménez MA, Martínez F, Arviza J, Manzano J (2008) Optimización de la sectorización de redes de riego a presión mediante algoritmos genéticos XXVI. Congreso nacional de riegos. Huesca. (Jun 2008)Jiusheng L, Yibin M, Bei L (2007) Field evaluation of fertigation uniformity as affected by injector type and manufacturing variability of emitters. Irrigation Sci 25:117–125Kalyanmoy D (2001) Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms. Willey, EnglandRossman LA (2000) Epanet 2, Users Manual. Water Supply and Water Resources Division. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, CincinnatiSavic D, Walters G (1997) Genetic algorithms for least-cost design of water distribution networks. J Water Resour Plann Manag 123(2):67–77 (March/April 1997

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good