The Lexicographical Notes in Bilingual Dictionaries

Dictionary notes play an important role in description of a title unit. A note is an abbreviated word or phrase which gives a certain characteristic to the language unit. Traditionally, different types of notes are distinguished: grammatical, stylistic, sectoral, chronological, etc. The object of this research is a lexicographic note which can be justified if it demarks the usage sphere and language peculiarities of the title unit. The material for the research is bilingual (Russian-Tatar and Russian-Chinese) dictionaries of various types of the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries. The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of the notes system in bilingual dictionaries. The study revealed the following: 1) when lexical units are supplied with notes, the authors and compilers of bilingual dictionaries, as a rule, use the data from thesauri of the entry language, though not always consistently; 2) stylistic notes (разг., груб., бранн., сниж., пренебр., презр., etc.) do not have distinct boundaries, thus, a user may have difficulties seeing the difference between the properties; 3) the problem of singularia tantum and pluralia tantum words should be specially highlighted, namely, if one meaning of a word is singularia tantum and another is pluralia tantum; 4) a certain group of notes is rare in the analyzed dictionaries, for example, statistical notes, the notes pointing out the dialectical character of the described unites, etc. Terminological notes should be used only for describing polysemantic words to distinguish between their meanings and homonyms; 5) when using lexicographic notes, one of the linguography principles is often violated – to describe similar things in a similar way

Inhibition of Cell Migration by PITENINs: The Role of ARF6

We have previously reported the development of small molecule phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) antagonists (PITs) that block pleckstrin homology (PH) domain interaction, including activation of Akt, and show anti-tumor potential. Here we show that the same molecules inhibit growth factor-induced actin remodeling, lamellipodia formation and, ultimately, cell migration and invasion, consistent with an important role of PIP3 in these processes. In vivo, a PIT-1 analog displays significant inhibition on tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) was recently identified as an important mediator of cytoskeleton and cell motility, which is regulated by PIP3-dependent membrane translocation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) such as ADP-ribosylation factor nucleotide binding-site opener (ARNO) and general receptor for 3-phosphoinositides (GRP1). We demonstrate that PITs inhibit PIP3/ARNO or GRP1 PH domain binding and membrane localization, resulting in the inhibition of ARF6 activation. Importantly, we show that expression of the constitutively active mutant of Arf6 attenuates inhibition of lamellipodia formation and cell migration by PITs, confirming that inhibition of Arf6 contributes to inhibition of these processes by PITs. Overall, our studies demonstrate the feasibility of developing specific small molecule targeting PIP3 binding by PH domains as potential anti-cancer agents that can simultaneously interfere with cancer development at multiple points

A novel sulfur dioxide probe inhibits high glucose-induced endothelial cell senescence

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important gas signal molecule produced in the cardiovascular system, so it has an important regulatory effect on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Studies have shown that high glucose (HG) has become the main cause of endothelial dysfunction and aging. However, the mechanism by which SO2 regulates the senescence of vascular endothelial cells induced by HG has not yet been clarified, so it is necessary to find effective tools to elucidate the effect of SO2 on senescence of HUVECs. In this paper, we identified a novel sulfur dioxide probe (2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-benzo [e]indol-3-ium, DLC) that inhibited the senescence of HUVECs. Our results suggested that DLC facilitated lipid droplets (LDs) translocation to lysosomes and triggered upregulation of LAMP1 protein levels by targeting LDs. Further study elucidated that DLC inhibited HG-induced HUVECs senescence by promoting the decomposition of LDs and protecting the proton channel of V-ATPase on lysosomes. In conclusion, our study revealed the regulatory effect of lipid droplet-targeted sulfur dioxide probes DLC on HG-induced HUVECs senescence. At the same time, it provided the new experimental evidence for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of intracellular gas signaling molecule sulfur dioxide on vascular endothelial fate

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Is Required for Opioid-Induced Microglia Apoptosis

Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects beyond addiction. However, the underlying mechanism by which microglia in response to opioids remains largely unknown. Here we show that morphine induces the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a key mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. Interestingly, TLR9 deficiency significantly inhibited morphine-induced apoptosis in microglia. Similar results were obtained when endogenous TLR9 expression was suppressed by the TLR9 inhibitor CpGODN. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 attenuated morphine-induced microglia apoptosis in wild type microglia. Morphine caused a dramatic decrease in Bcl-2 level but increase in Bax level in wild type microglia, but not in TLR9 deficient microglia. In addition, morphine treatment failed to induce an increased levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and MAP kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), the upstream MAPK kinase of p38 MAPK, in either TLR9 deficient or μ-opioid receptor (μOR) deficient primary microglia, suggesting an involvement of MAPK and μOR in morphine-mediated TLR9 signaling. Moreover, morphine-induced TLR9 expression and microglia apoptosis appears to require μOR. Collectively, these results reveal that opioids prime microglia to undergo apoptosis through TLR9 and μOR as well. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of TLR9 and/or blockage of μOR is capable of preventing opioid-induced brain damage

Bmi-1 Absence Causes Premature Brain Degeneration

Bmi-1, a polycomb transcriptional repressor, is implicated in cell cycle regulation and cell senescence. Its absence results in generalized astrogliosis and epilepsy during the postnatal development, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of oxidative stress in the brain of four-week-old Bmi-1 null mice. The mice showed various hallmarks of neurodegeneration including synaptic loss, axonal demyelination, reactive gliosis and brain mitochondrial damage. Moreover, astroglial glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase decreased in the Bmi-1 null hippocampus, which might contribute to the sporadic epileptic-like seizures in these mice. These results indicate that Bmi-1 is required for maintaining endogenous antioxidant defenses in the brain, and its absence subsequently causes premature brain degeneration

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Is Required for Opioid-Induced Microglia Apoptosis

Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects beyond addiction. However, the underlying mechanism by which microglia in response to opioids remains largely unknown. Here we show that morphine induces the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a key mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. Interestingly, TLR9 deficiency significantly inhibited morphine-induced apoptosis in microglia. Similar results were obtained when endogenous TLR9 expression was suppressed by the TLR9 inhibitor CpGODN. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 attenuated morphine-induced microglia apoptosis in wild type microglia. Morphine caused a dramatic decrease in Bcl-2 level but increase in Bax level in wild type microglia, but not in TLR9 deficient microglia. In addition, morphine treatment failed to induce an increased levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and MAP kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), the upstream MAPK kinase of p38 MAPK, in either TLR9 deficient or µ-opioid receptor (µOR) deficient primary microglia, suggesting an involvement of MAPK and µOR in morphine-mediated TLR9 signaling. Moreover, morphine-induced TLR9 expression and microglia apoptosis appears to require μOR. Collectively, these results reveal that opioids prime microglia to undergo apoptosis through TLR9 and µOR as well. Taken together, our data suggest that inhibition of TLR9 and/or blockage of µOR is capable of preventing opioid-induced brain damage

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

The Lexicographical Notes in Bilingual Dictionaries

Dictionary notes play an important role in description of a title unit. A note is an abbreviated word or phrase which gives a certain characteristic to the language unit. Traditionally, different types of notes are distinguished: grammatical, stylistic, sectoral, chronological, etc. The object of this research is a lexicographic note which can be justified if it demarks the usage sphere and language peculiarities of the title unit. The material for the research is bilingual (Russian-Tatar and Russian-Chinese) dictionaries of various types of the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries. The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of the notes system in bilingual dictionaries. The study revealed the following: 1) when lexical units are supplied with notes, the authors and compilers of bilingual dictionaries, as a rule, use the data from thesauri of the entry language, though not always consistently; 2) stylistic notes (разг., груб., бранн., сниж., пренебр., презр., etc.) do not have distinct boundaries, thus, a user may have difficulties seeing the difference between the properties; 3) the problem of singularia tantum and pluralia tantum words should be specially highlighted, namely, if one meaning of a word is singularia tantum and another is pluralia tantum; 4) a certain group of notes is rare in the analyzed dictionaries, for example, statistical notes, the notes pointing out the dialectical character of the described unites, etc. Terminological notes should be used only for describing polysemantic words to distinguish between their meanings and homonyms; 5) when using lexicographic notes, one of the linguography principles is often violated – to describe similar things in a similar way.Las notas del diccionario juegan un papel importante en la descripción de una unidad de título. Una nota es una palabra o frase abreviada que da una determinada característica a la unidad de lenguaje. Tradicionalmente se distinguen diferentes tipos de notas: gramaticales, estilísticas, sectoriales, cronológicas, etc. El objeto de esta investigación es una nota lexicográfica que puede justificarse si delimita el ámbito de uso y las peculiaridades lingüísticas de la unidad de título. El material para la investigación son diccionarios bilingües (ruso-tártaro y ruso-chino) de varios tipos de finales del siglo XX - principios del siglo XXI. El artículo presenta los resultados del análisis comparativo del sistema de notas en diccionarios bilingües. El estudio reveló lo siguiente: 1) cuando se suministran notas a las unidades léxicas, los autores y compiladores de diccionarios bilingües, por regla general, utilizan los datos de los tesauros de la lengua de entrada, aunque no siempre de forma coherente; 2) las notas estilísticas (разг., Груб., Бранн., Сниж., Пренебр., Презр., Etc.) no tienen límites distintos, por lo que un usuario puede tener dificultades para ver la diferencia entre las propiedades; 3) debe destacarse especialmente el problema de las palabras singularia tantum y pluralia tantum, es decir, si un significado de una palabra es singularia tantum y otro es pluralia tantum; 4) cierto grupo de notas es raro en los diccionarios analizados, por ejemplo, notas estadísticas, las notas que señalan el carácter dialéctico de las unidades descritas, etc. Las notas terminológicas deben usarse solo para describir palabras polisemánticas para distinguir entre sus significados y homónimos; 5) cuando se usan notas lexicográficas, a menudo se viola uno de los principios de la lingüística: describir cosas similares de manera similar