“Un alivio, un inicio y una nueva esperanza”: reflexiones sobre la muerte en un espacio de educación no formal

Este artículo presenta reflexiones sobre una experiencia investigativa con jóvenes de una comunidad rural en formación religiosa. El texto se divide en tres partes complementarias: la primera revisa la literatura sobre educación no formal, con énfasis en las prácticas educativas en un contexto religioso; en el segundo, se presenta el sesgo esperanzador de la muerte, a partir de los presupuestos que orientan la escatología cristiana; en el tercero, analizamos cualitativamente los resultados de un taller que tuvo como objetivo promover un diálogo escatológico sobre la muerte, así como sus implicaciones en los significados atribuidos por los participantes a este “acontecimiento” límite. Los hallazgos del análisis muestran que, inmersos en este proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, los jóvenes rurales transitan de un saber-experiencia rodeado de miedo a una dimensión en la que el morir es percibido como un rito de paso a la vida eterna. Además, denotan la importancia de conocer y respetar la variedad de comunidades de aprendizaje, en su forma, organización metodológica y razón social, abriendo caminos para otras temáticas y formas de pensar-hacer investigación y/o en Educación.Neste artigo, apresentam-se reflexões acerca de uma experiência investigativa com jovens de uma comunidade rural em formação religiosa. O texto está dividido em três partes complementares: na primeira, faz-se uma revisão da literatura sobre a Educação não-formal, com ênfase para as práticas educativas em contexto religioso; na segunda, apresenta-se o viés esperançoso da morte, a partir dos pressupostos que orientam a Escatologia Cristã; na terceira, analisa-se qualitativamente os resultados de uma oficina que objetivou promover um diálogo escatológico sobre a morte, bem como suas implicações nos sentidos atribuídos pelos participantes a esse “evento” fronteiriço. Os achados da análise evidenciam que, imersos nesse processo de ensino e aprendizagem, os jovens rurais passaram de um saber-experiência envolto pelo medo para uma dimensão em que o morrer é percebido como um rito de passagem para a vida eterna. Além disso, denotam a importância de se conhecer e respeitar a variedade de comunidades aprendentes, em sua forma, organização metodológica e razão social, abrindo caminhos para outros temas e modos de pensar-fazer pesquisa e/na Educação.This article, presents reflections on an investigative experience with young people from a rural community undergoing religious training. The text is divided into three complementary parts: the first one reviews the literature on non-formal education, with emphasis on educational practices in a religious context; in the second, the hopeful bias of death is presented, based on the assumptions that guide Christian Eschatology; in the third, we qualitatively analyze the results of a workshop that aimed to promote an eschatological dialogue about death, as well as its implications for the meanings attributed by the participants to this borderline “event”. The findings of the analysis show that, immersed in this teaching and learning process, rural youths moved from a knowledge-experience surrounded by fear to a dimension in which dying is perceived as a rite of passage to eternal life. In addition, they denote the importance of knowing and respecting the variety of learning communities, in their form, methodological organization and social reason, opening the way for other themes and ways of thinking-doing research and/in Education

Cotidianos Escolares em Imagens

O artigo tem como objetivo problematizar os cotidianos escolares em imagens, a partir de intercessores e conceitos da Filosofia da diferença de Deleuze e Guattari. Para tanto, assume como referência os dados-imagens-grafites produzidos durante as pesquisas que desenvolvemos com os cotidianos de escolas públicas de Vitória/ES, Brasil. O texto assume que para falar dos cotidianos escolares em imagens, de modo a potencializar o intempestivo, a produção de sentidos e a multiplicidade dos conhecimentos, é preciso investir em uma outra atitude de pesquisa que considere o caos, o acaso e a permanente abertura e complexidade dos cotidianos escolares como potências para a constituição de um plano de imanência e para a criação de conceitos. O artigo sustenta a ideia de impossibilidade de se eleger imagens que seriam consideradas as mais representativas para se falar dos acontecimentos das escolas

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODErn), to generate cause fractions and cause specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NC Ds) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5-74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 186% (17.9-19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7-8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5-23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7. 20-8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.08.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 222% (20.0-24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1-33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0-5-4-0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2-15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9-59.2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8-148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2-40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2-36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respirator}, infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990 neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The Cathodic Cleavage of the Nitrobenzoyl Group from Protected Aliphatic Amines in N,N-Dimethylformamide

The electrochemical reduction of aliphatic amines protected by the 4- and 3- nitrobenzoyl group in N,N-dimethylformamide was reported. The compounds are reduced in two cathodic steps. The first one at about -1 V vs. SCE occurs with the formation of the rather stable anion radicals, involving one electron transfer . The reduction to dianion occurs at potentials between -1.5 and -2.0 V vs. SCE by an ECE process and leads to cleavage of the CN bond in yields above 50%

The Cathodic Cleavage of the Nitrobenzoyl Group from Protected Aliphatic Amines in N,N-Dimethylformamide

A redução eletroquímica de aminas alifáticas protegidas pelo grupo 4- e 3-nitrobenzoila em N,N-dimetilformamida foi estudada. Os compostos são reduzidos em duas etapas catódicas. A primeira em aproximadamente -1 V vs. ECS ocorre com a formação de radicais ânions relativamente estáveis, envolvendo a transferência de um elétron. A redução ao diânion ocorre no intervalo de -1,5 e -2,0 V vs. ECS por um processo ECE, conduzindo à clivagem da ligação CN com rendimentos acima de 50%.The electrochemical reduction of aliphatic amines protected by the 4- and 3- nitrobenzoyl group in N,N-dimethylformamide was reported. The compounds are reduced in two cathodic steps. The first one at about -1 V vs. SCE occurs with the formation of the rather stable anion radicals, involving one electron transfer . The reduction to dianion occurs at potentials between -1.5 and -2.0 V vs. SCE by an ECE process and leads to cleavage of the CN bond in yields above 50%.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Uso da experimentação para motivar o interesse pela química no ensimo médio das escolas de Botucatu

In this work were tested experiments that approach chemical content taught in high school and that in a next step, will be presented to students from public school. They present visual impact and a rapid response associated with physical and chemical phenomena involved. Some of them utilize common materials of everyday life and/or can be used to explain the facts observed in daily life. Thus, they have important features that will hold the attention of the students, instigate their curiosity and encourage understanding of the chemical.Neste trabalho foram testados experimentos que abordam conteúdos de química ensinados no nível médio e que, em uma próxima etapa, serão apresentados para alunos da escola pública. Eles apresentam impacto visual e uma resposta rápida associada aos fenômenos físicos e químicos envolvidos. Alguns deles utilizam materiais comuns do dia a dia e/ou podem ser usados para a explicação de fatos observados no cotidiano. Possuem, assim, características importantes que irão prender a atenção dos alunos, instigar a sua curiosidade e estimular a compreensão da química

REFLEXÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POÉTICA ADELIANA

Uma das grandes preocupações que circundam o imaginário social encontra-se em um dos extremos da existência humana: a morte. Muitos filósofos, teólogos e literatos tentaram compreendê-la, sob diferentes perspectivas ao longo da história – e ainda hoje o fazem. Esse artigo apresenta o enfoque explorado pela poetiza Adélia Prado, que se apoia no tratado da Escatologia Cristã para alimentar a esperança na ressureição dos mortos e na vida eterna. Os suportes empregados na realização desta pesquisa foram as obras: Bagagem (2006) e Oráculos de Maio (2009), das quais foram selecionados poemas que contemplam a temática em pauta. A análise qualitativa desses textos, embasada na revisão de literatura, permitiu assegurar que, enviesada pela essência do sagrado cristão, a lírica adeliana conduz o leitor à um pensamento transcendente a respeito da morte, dissipando as trevas que recobrem essa aparente realidade derradeira. Essa simbiose entre Literatura e Teologia estimula a articulação entre áreas do conhecimento, necessária para a compreensão dos dilemas que afligem a humanidade, podendo, inclusive, servir de estratégia metodológica para a promoção de debates no componente curricular Ensino Religioso. Palavras-chave: Literatura. Adélia Prado. Escatologia Cristã. Ensino Religioso