Origin of isotopic fractionation of terrestrial xenon

By taking account of a size distribution of planetesimals, we show that noble gases gravitationally trapped by planetesimals in the solar nebula can explain the isotopic fractionation of terrestrial Xe relative to Xe in primitive meteorites, leaving Kr and other lighter noble gases almost unfractionated. However, this model is not successful in explaining noble gas elemental abundances in the Earth

Continuous monitoring of groundwater radon for evaluating chemical and structural properties and fluid flow variations of shallow aquifer systems

We have carried out continuous monitoring of radon concentration in groundwater at eight wells in Nishinomiya City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. The shallowest major aquifer, which we call the first aquifer, extends widely at a depth about 3-5 meters in the region. We pay our major attention to the first aquifer, because it provides us with abundant high quality water, which has long been utilized for brewing Sake. We made the radon monitoring at 5 wells tapping the first aquifer. The first aquifer can be characterized by very high radon concentration and its large temporal variation. Time-averaged values of radon concentration at 4 shallow wells were about 70-80 Bq/l, which is almost the highest value ever reported for natural water throughout the Japanese Islands. These high radon concentrations can be attributed to uranium-rich sediments in the aquifer, which had been brought from the Rokko Mountains region on the north. Large temporal variations of radon concentration observed at the shallow wells probably reflect the heterogeneous distribution of the grain size of sediments, which makes the groundwater flow unstable. We examined radon concentrations in deeper aquifers at three wells with depths of 8-17 m for comparison. Absolute values of radon concentrations and their temporal variations at the deeper wells are smaller than those in the first aquifer, which suggests the small contributions of uranium-rich sands to the sediments compared with the first aquifer. The radon concentration at a well with a depth of 16 m showed periodical variations responding to the ocean tide, which demonstrates that very small signals of crustal deformations can be detected by the continuous monitoring of groundwater radon

Characterization of Mucosal Dysbiosis of Early Colonic Neoplasia.

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are the earliest morphologically identifiable lesions in the colon that can be detected by high-definition chromoendoscopy with contrast dye spray. Although frequently associated with synchronous adenomas, their role in colorectal tumor development, particularly in the proximal colon, is still not clear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the profile of colon-adherent bacteria associated with proximal ACF and to investigate their relationship to the presence and subtype of synchronous polyps present throughout the colon. Forty-five subjects undergoing a screening or surveillance colonoscopy were included in this retrospective study. Bacterial cells adherent to the epithelia of ACF and normal mucosal biopsies were visualized by in situ hybridization within confocal tissue sections. ACF showed significantly greater heterogeneity in their bacterial microbiome profiles compared with normal mucosa. One of the bacterial community structures we characterized was strongly correlated with the presence of synchronous polyps. Finally, using DNA mass spectrometry to evaluate a panel of colorectal cancer hotspot mutations present in the ACF, we found that thre

The long-term use of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide in two novel mutations patients with Dent's disease type 1

A doença de Dent é uma tubulopatia ligada ao X causada por mutações no gene que codifica o canal de cloro CLCN-5 e é caracterizada por proteinúria de baixo peso molecular, hipercalciúria, nefrocalcinose e insuficiência renal. Vários casos têm sido descritos, nos quais o único sintoma na apresentação foi proteinúria assintomática e glomerulosclerose global ou segmentar. A insuficiência renal nesses pacientes pode ser causada pela hipercalciúria e proteinúria persistente. Portanto, o inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina e os tiazídicos poderiam ser úteis. O objetivo desta pesquisa é relatar os efeitos destas drogas em dois pacientes com doença de Dent tipo 1 com mutações novas. Neste relato não foram observadas correlações significativas entre dose de hidroclorotiazida e calciúria e entre enalapril e proteinúria. Este achado é importante, pois, sendo pacientes poliúricos, o uso destas drogas poderia prejudicar a função rena

Enhanced effects of cigarette smoke extract on inflammatory cytokine expression in IL-1β-activated human mast cells were inhibited by Baicalein via regulation of the NF-κB pathway

Background: Human mast cells are capable of a wide variety of inflammatory responses and play a vital role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as allergy, asthma, and atherosclerosis. We have reported that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) significantly increased IL-6 and IL-8 production in IL-1β-activated human mast cell line (HMC-1). Baicalein (BAI) has anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokine production from HMC-1. The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of BAI on IL-6 and IL-8 production from CSE-treated and IL-1β-activated HMC-1.Methods: Main-stream (Ms) and Side-stream (Ss) cigarette smoke were collected onto fiber filters and extracted in RPMI-1640 medium. Two ml of HMC-1 at 1 × 10 6 cells/mL were cultured with CSE in the presence or absence of IL-1β (10 ng/mL) for 24 hrs. A group of HMC-1 cells stimulated with both IL-1β (10 ng/ml) and CSE was also treated with BAI. The expression of IL-6 and IL-8 was assessed by ELISA and RT-PCR. NF-κB activation was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and IκBα degradation by Western blot.Results: Both Ms and Ss CSE significantly increased IL-6 and IL-8 production (p \u3c 0.001) in IL-1β-activated HMC-1. CSE increased NF-κB activation and decreased cytoplasmic IκBα proteins in IL-1β-activated HMC-1. BAI (1.8 to 30 μM) significantly inhibited production of IL-6 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner in IL-1β-activated HMC-1 with the optimal inhibition concentration at 30 μM, which also significantly inhibited the enhancing effect of CSE on IL-6 and IL-8 production in IL-1β-activated HMC-1. BAI inhibited NF-κB activation and increased cytoplasmic IκBα proteins in CSE-treated and IL-1β-activated HMC-1.Conclusions: Our results showed that CSE significantly increased inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 production in IL-1β-activated HMC-1. It may partially explain why cigarette smoke contributes to lung and cardiovascular diseases. BAI inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of NF-κB activation and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. This inhibitory effect of BAI on the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by CSE suggests its usefulness in the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies

The Physics of the B Factories

This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C