A EFETIVIDADE DA POLÍTICA HABITACIONAL NO BRASIL: o Banco Nacional de Habitação e o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida

O Brasil é um país que convive historicamente com a falta de habitações adequadas principalmente para populações de baixa renda, e esse problema afeta não só a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas, como também a capacidade de emancipação econômica e social. Dado esta questão, a problemática que instiga esta investigação é verificar como se deram e quão efetivas foram as ‘políticas habitacionais’ do Banco Nacional de Habitação e do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida para a redução do déficit habitacional no país. Com relação a essa problemática, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar e analisar as principais ações, programas e políticas habitacionais realizadas e como essas medidas impactaram no combate do déficit habitacional, assim como explicitar de que forma essas experiências foram bem ou malsucedidas no intercurso das suas aplicações. A investigação se justifica pela relevância da moradia adequada para o combate das desigualdades, bem como para a geração de renda, a valorização familiar e pessoal, a transformação social e a promoção de uma vida digna. Como resultado, aponta-se que as políticas habitacionais foram incapazes de lidar de maneira adequada com o problema da habitação.Brazil is a country that has historically lived with a lack of adequate housing, especially for low-income populations, and this problem affects not only the quality of life of these people, but also their capacity for economic and social emancipation. Considering the above, the issue that instigates this investigation is to verify how they occurred and how effective were the 'housing policies' of the National Housing Bank and the “Minha Casa Minha Vida” Program for the reduction of the housing deficit in the country. With regard to this issue, the general objective of this work is to identify and analyze the main actions, programs and housing policies carried out and how these measures impacted the fight against the housing deficit, as well as to explain how these experiences were well or badly accepted in the intercourse of your applications. The investigation is justified by the importance of adequate housing for combating inequalities, as well as for income generation, family and personal appreciation, social transformation and the promotion of a dignified life. As a result, it is pointed out that housing policies were unable to adequately deal with the housing problem

A EFETIVIDADE DA POLÍTICA HABITACIONAL NO BRASIL: o Banco Nacional de Habitação e o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida

O Brasil é um país que convive historicamente com a falta de habitações adequadas principalmente para populações de baixa renda, e esse problema afeta não só a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas, como também a capacidade de emancipação econômica e social. Dado esta questão, a problemática que instiga esta investigação é verificar como se deram e quão efetivas foram as ‘políticas habitacionais’ do Banco Nacional de Habitação e do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida para a redução do déficit habitacional no país. Com relação a essa problemática, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar e analisar as principais ações, programas e políticas habitacionais realizadas e como essas medidas impactaram no combate do déficit habitacional, assim como explicitar de que forma essas experiências foram bem ou malsucedidas no intercurso das suas aplicações. A investigação se justifica pela relevância da moradia adequada para o combate das desigualdades, bem como para a geração de renda, a valorização familiar e pessoal, a transformação social e a promoção de uma vida digna. Como resultado, aponta-se que as políticas habitacionais foram incapazes de lidar de maneira adequada com o problema da habitação

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Tecnologias sociais para políticas públicas de habitação no Brasil: potencialidades identificadas em experiências recentes

O debate sobre habitação no Brasil foi retomado num momento de forte demanda social, com ausência de políticas nacionais e estaduais de habitação e oferta insuficiente da iniciativa privada para reduzir o déficit habitacional existente. O objetivo do artigo é mostrar que há importantes experiências sobre Tecnologias Sociais (TS) de habitação já consolidadas no país e argumentar que as TS oferecem alternativas para enfrentar o problema habitacional. A argumentação está dividida em duas seções. A primeira oferece uma breve revisão teórica do conceito de TS; e a segunda trata da questão habitacional e de experiências catalogadas no Banco de Tecnologias Sociais (BTS) da Fundação Banco do Brasil (FBB). Ao final, afirma-se que as TS podem melhorar as estratégias de políticas governamentais nessa área e são tecidas considerações sobre pontos basilares para sua inclusão em ações e políticas públicas habitacionais no Brasil

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data