CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Search for Lepton-Universality Violation in B^{+}→K^{+}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} Decays.

A measurement of the ratio of branching fractions of the decays B^{+}→K^{+}μ^{+}μ^{-} and B^{+}→K^{+}e^{+}e^{-} is presented. The proton-proton collision data used correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.0  fb^{-1} recorded with the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV. For the dilepton mass-squared range 1.1<q^{2}<6.0  GeV^{2}/c^{4} the ratio of branching fractions is measured to be R_{K}=0.846_{-0.054}^{+0.060}_{-0.014}^{+0.016}, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. This is the most precise measurement of R_{K} to date and is compatible with the standard model at the level of 2.5 standard deviations

Synthesis of SrFexTi1-xO3-delta nanocubes with tunable oxygen vacancies for selective and efficient photocatalytic NO oxidation

Oxygen vacancies of metal oxides play critical roles in tunning activity and selectivity for many photocatalysis mediated reactions, yet the mechanism of NO oxidation on defect enriched photocatalyst surface is seldomly discussed. Herein, we provide detailed insight into the relationship between oxygen vacancy manipulation by extrinsic Fe3+ substitution in SrTiO3 host lattice and the photocatalytic performance of NO abatement. In particular, the hydrothermal synthesized SrFexTi1-xO3-δ nanocubes (denoted as SFTO-hyd sample) rather than the impregnated-post annealing sample, enabled oxygen vacancy formation, and promoted O2 adsorption and superoxide anion radicals (O2−) formation. The SFTO-hyd (x = 5%) sample showed remarkably higher NO removal activity and selectivity under Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm), in comparison with the pristine SrTiO3, P25 and impregnation-doped SFTO sample, underlining the important roles played by coexisted Fe3+ sites and oxygen vacancies. The in situ diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy (DRIFTS) mechanically revealed that SrTiO3 provided Lewis acidic sites for NO dark adsorption and photoreaction with nitrates as final products; the substitutional Fe3+ sites provided more active sites for NO adsorption and photoreaction with enhanced number of radicals. This study deepens the understanding of photocatalytic NO abatement on defective surface, and may also provide a simple and cost effective strategy for synthesizing efficient and selective photocatalysts for environmental remediation

Effect of ammonia on ozone-initiated formation of indoor secondary products with emissions from cleaning products

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from cleaning products and air fresheners indoors are prone to oxidation resulting in the formation of secondary pollutants that can pose health risks on residents. Ammonia (NH3) is ubiquitous in ambient and indoor environments. In this study, we investigated the effect of ammonia (NH3) on secondary pollutants formation from the ozonolysis of BVOCs emitted from cleaning products including floor cleaner (FC), kitchen cleaner (KC) and dishwashing detergent (DD) in a large environmental chamber. Our results demonstrated that the presence of NH3 (maximum concentration is 240 ppb) could significantly enhance secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formation from the ozonolysis of all the three categories of cleaning products. For example, for the FC sample, the maximum total particle concentration was up to 2.0 &times; 104 # cm&minus;3 in the presence of NH3, while it was 1.3 &times; 104 # cm&minus;3 which was 35% lower without NH3. However, it was found that the extent of NH3 effect on SOAs formation from the ozonolysis of BVOCs emissions was component-dependent. The presence of NH3 in the reaction systems could increase the consumptions of d-limonene that is the dominant BVOC species as identified in cleaning products. The percent yields (%) of secondary carbonyl compounds generated from the ozonolysis of BVOCs emitted from three categories of cleaning products were identified in the presence and absence of NH3, respectively. The increase in SOAs particle number concentration can be attributed to the formation of condensable salts from reactions between NH3 and organic compounds generated from the BVOCs ozonolysis processes. By investigating the NH3 effect on the ozonolysis of BVOCs mixtures in contrast to the chemistry of individual compounds, a better assessment can be made of the overall impact cleaning products have on real indoor environments.</p

Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in cleaning reagents and air fresheners in Hong Kong

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from cleaning products and air fresheners indoors are prone to oxidation resulting in the formation of secondary pollutants that can pose health risks on residents. In this study, a solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) method was applied for the determination of BVOCs compositions in three categories of cleaning products including floor cleaners (FC), kitchen cleaners (KC) and dishwashing detergents (DD), and also air fresheners (AF). The analysis results demonstrated that chemical composition and concentration of individual BVOC varied broadly with household products in the view of their different functions and scents as indicated on the labels. The concentration of total BVOCs for sample FC1 was the highest up to 4146.0 mu g g(-1), followed by FC2 of 264.6 mu g g(-1) FC4 of 249.3 mu g g(-1) and FC3 of 139.2 mu g g(-1). D-limonene was the most abundant detected BVOCs in KC samples with the chemical composition varying from 19.6 +/- 1.0 to 1513.0 +/- 37.1 mu g g(-1). For dishwashing detergents, only D-limonene was detected and quantified. The BVOCs compositions of air freshener samples are much more complicated. It was estimated that the consumption of floor cleaners contributed 51% of the total BVOCs amount indoors in Hong Kong, followed by air fresheners 42%, kitchen cleaners 5% and dishwashing detergents 2%.</p

Plasmonic Bi/ZnWO4 Microspheres with Improved PhotocatalyticActivity on NO Removal under Visible Light

In this work, bismuth (Bi) nanoparticle anchored ZnWO4 microspheres (Bi/ZnWO4) were prepared and used as robust and efficient photocatalysts for NO removal at parts-per-billion level under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized composite with a proper mass ratio of Bi (50%) displayed a higher reaction rate (0.067 min&ndash;1) than its single counterparts ZnWO4 (0.004 min&ndash;1) and Bi (0.027 min&ndash;1), respectively. Due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Bi nanoparticles, the Bi/ZnWO4 composites showed broad light absorption in the visible spectrum. Moreover, the formation of the Bi/ZnWO4 heterointerface promoted the separation of photoexcited electron&ndash;hole pairs, which is demonstrated by the increased photocurrent density in comparison to the pristine materials. The above characteristics endowed the Bi/ZnWO4 composites with superior photocatalytic activity for NO removal. The radical scavanger tests revealed that the superoxide radical was the main active species to initiate NO oxidation, while the hydroxyl radical was not involved in the process. This study shows practical value in air pollutant abatement, because it provides an economical and feasible route to fabricate SPR-enhanced composite photocatalysts using earth abundant Bi material instead of noble metals.</p

Effects of H2O2 generation over visible light-responsive Bi/Bi2O2-xCO3 nanosheets on their photocatalytic NOx removal performance

The photocatalytic removal of gaseous NOx is commonly accompanied by secondary pollution, which necessitates the development of highly efficient nanostructured catalysts with a decreased propensity to toxic intermediate production. Herein, we describe the synthesis of plasmonic Bi/Bi2O2-xCO3 and demonstrate the presence of surface oxygen vacancies therein, revealing that the maximal NO, removal efficiency of Bi/Bi2O2-xCO3 under visible light irradiation reached 50.5% and exceeded that of a commercial photocatalyst, while the production of toxic NO2 as a by-product was completely suppressed (the selectivity reached up to 98%). In-situ introduction of plasmonic Bi on the surface of Bi2O2-xCO3 promoted the generation of H2O2 by capturing electrons from the defect states of Bi2O2-xCO3 via the two-electron reduction of O-2 and thus inhibited NO2 production (as confirmed by scavenger experiments), additionally broadening the light absorption range of the above photocatalyst. Moreover, surface oxygen vacancies in Bi-O layers provided a channel for electron transfer between Bi and Bi2O2-xCO3, which resulted in increased charge separation efficiency (maximum photocurrent = 1.1 Mu A cm(-2), 14.5 times higher than that of pristine Bi2O2CO3). Furthermore, the toxicity assessment authenticated good biocompatibility of Bi/Bi2O2-xCO3. Thus, this study sheds light on the possible roles of H2O2 in NOx degradation and provides an efficient surface engineering strategy to prepare highly reactive and selective photocatalysts