Metakognitive Unterstützung durch Smartphones in der Lehre. Wie kann man Studierende in der Vorlesung unterstützen?

Auf der Grundlage (a) einer Analyse der Anforderungen an Studierende in Vorlesungen werden (b) Interventionen entwickelt, die Studierende bei der Bewältigung dieser Anforderungen unterstützen. Dazu gehört (c) die konkrete Umsetzung dieser Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten in einer Vorlesung, inklusive (d) der technischen Umsetzung mit Hilfe des bereits bestehenden Systems Auditorium (auditorium.inf.tu-dresden.de) sowie (e) eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation der entwickelten Intervention. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die Konzeption vor und thematisiert somit die Punkte (a) und (b). Konkrete Erfahrungen und Daten aus der Pilotierung (c, d, e) werden auf der Konferenz berichtet, nachdem ein erster Einsatz in Lehrveranstaltungen erfolgte. (DIPF/Orig.

Onlinegestützte Audience Response Systeme: Förderung der kognitiven Aktivierung in Vorlesungen und Eröffnung neuer Evaluationsperspektiven

Audience Response Systeme bzw. Clicker bieten die Möglichkeit, Studierende aktiv in Lehrveranstaltungen einzubinden, indem ihnen auf Smartphones oder eigens dafür vorgesehenen Geräten Fragen zur Verfügung gestellt werden (z.B. SMILE]). Das Abstimmungsergebnis kann wiederum vom Dozierenden aufgegriffen und in der Veranstaltung thematisiert werden. Das an der Technischen Universität Dresden entwickelte System „Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service“ (AMCS) bietet zahlreiche weitere Funktionalitäten, die es erlauben Studierende bei Lernprozessen in der Vorlesung zu unterstützen und gleichzeitig eine informative Evaluation der Lehrveranstaltung ermöglichen. Die Funktionalitäten des Systems wurden auf der Grundlage lernpsychologischer Forschung entwickelt (bspw. Modellen des Selbstregulierten Lernens): sie haben gemeinsam das Ziel, Studierende in Abhängigkeit individueller Bedürfnisse dabei zu unterstützen, in der Vorlesung möglichst viel zu lernen. Die Lehrenden haben darüberhinaus die Möglichkeit, umfangreiche Informationen zur Evaluation der Lehrveranstaltung zu gewinnen

Binary recombinase systems for high-resolution conditional mutagenesis

Conditional mutagenesis using Cre recombinase expressed from tissue specific promoters facilitates analyses of gene function and cell lineage tracing. Here, we describe two novel dual-promoter-driven conditional mutagenesis systems designed for greater accuracy and optimal efficiency of recombination. Co-Driver employs a recombinase cascade of Dre and Dre-respondent Cre, which processes loxP-flanked alleles only when both recombinases are expressed in a predetermined temporal sequence. This unique property makes Co-Driver ideal for sequential lineage tracing studies aimed at unraveling the relationships between cellular precursors and mature cell types. Co-InCre was designed for highly efficient intersectional conditional transgenesis. It relies on highly active trans-splicing inteins and promoters with simultaneous transcriptional activity to reconstitute Cre recombinase from two inactive precursor fragments. By generating native Cre, Co-InCre attains recombination rates that exceed all other binary SSR systems evaluated in this study. Both Co-Driver and Co-InCre significantly extend the utility of existing Cre-responsive allele

Engineering the rRNA decoding site of eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes in bacteria

Structural and genetic studies on prokaryotic ribosomes have provided important insights into fundamental aspects of protein synthesis and translational control and its interaction with ribosomal drugs. Comparable mechanistic studies in eukaryotes are mainly hampered by the absence of both high-resolution crystal structures and efficient genetic models. To study the interaction of aminoglycoside antibiotics with selected eukaryotic ribosomes, we replaced the bacterial drug binding site in 16S rRNA with its eukaryotic counterpart, resulting in bacterial hybrid ribosomes with a fully functional eukaryotic rRNA decoding site. Cell-free translation assays demonstrated that hybrid ribosomes carrying the rRNA decoding site of higher eukaryotes show pronounced resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, equivalent to that of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes, while the decoding sites of parasitic protozoa show distinctive drug susceptibility. Our findings suggest that phylogenetically variable components of the ribosome, other than the rRNA-binding site, do not affect aminoglycoside susceptibility of the protein-synthesis machinery. The activities of the hybrid ribosomes indicate that helix 44 of the rRNA decoding site behaves as an autonomous domain, which can be exchanged between ribosomes of different phylogenetic domains for study of function

Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial

Background: Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, reduces the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in people with overweight or obesity, but the effects of this drug on outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure are unknown. We report a prespecified analysis of the effect of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2·4 mg on ischaemic and heart failure cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to investigate if semaglutide was beneficial in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with a history of heart failure compared with placebo; if there was a difference in outcome in patients designated as having heart failure with preserved ejection fraction compared with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and if the efficacy and safety of semaglutide in patients with heart failure was related to baseline characteristics or subtype of heart failure. Methods: The SELECT trial was a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled, event-driven phase 3 trial in 41 countries. Adults aged 45 years and older, with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 or greater and established cardiovascular disease were eligible for the study. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) with a block size of four using an interactive web response system in a double-blind manner to escalating doses of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide over 16 weeks to a target dose of 2·4 mg, or placebo. In a prespecified analysis, we examined the effect of semaglutide compared with placebo in patients with and without a history of heart failure at enrolment, subclassified as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, or unclassified heart failure. Endpoints comprised MACE (a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and cardiovascular death); a composite heart failure outcome (cardiovascular death or hospitalisation or urgent hospital visit for heart failure); cardiovascular death; and all-cause death. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03574597. Findings: Between Oct 31, 2018, and March 31, 2021, 17 604 patients with a mean age of 61·6 years (SD 8·9) and a mean BMI of 33·4 kg/m2 (5·0) were randomly assigned to receive semaglutide (8803 [50·0%] patients) or placebo (8801 [50·0%] patients). 4286 (24·3%) of 17 604 patients had a history of investigator-defined heart failure at enrolment: 2273 (53·0%) of 4286 patients had heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, 1347 (31·4%) had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and 666 (15·5%) had unclassified heart failure. Baseline characteristics were similar between patients with and without heart failure. Patients with heart failure had a higher incidence of clinical events. Semaglutide improved all outcome measures in patients with heart failure at random assignment compared with those without heart failure (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72, 95% CI 0·60-0·87 for MACE; 0·79, 0·64-0·98 for the heart failure composite endpoint; 0·76, 0·59-0·97 for cardiovascular death; and 0·81, 0·66-1·00 for all-cause death; all pinteraction>0·19). Treatment with semaglutide resulted in improved outcomes in both the heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HR 0·65, 95% CI 0·49-0·87 for MACE; 0·79, 0·58-1·08 for the composite heart failure endpoint) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction groups (0·69, 0·51-0·91 for MACE; 0·75, 0·52-1·07 for the composite heart failure endpoint), although patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction had higher absolute event rates than those with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. For MACE and the heart failure composite, there were no significant differences in benefits across baseline age, sex, BMI, New York Heart Association status, and diuretic use. Serious adverse events were less frequent with semaglutide versus placebo, regardless of heart failure subtype. Interpretation: In patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diease and overweight or obesity, treatment with semaglutide 2·4 mg reduced MACE and composite heart failure endpoints compared with placebo in those with and without clinical heart failure, regardless of heart failure subtype. Our findings could facilitate prescribing and result in improved clinical outcomes for this patient group. Funding: Novo Nordisk

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

Was lerne ich aus einer Lernaufgabe? a) gar nichts, b) Faktenwissen, c) etwas über meine Lernstrategien, d) Antwort b und c sind richtig

Interaktive Lernaufgaben stellen eine Möglichkeit dar, das Lernen und den Lernerfolg mit digitalisierten Lehrmaterialien durch interaktive Elemente zu unterstützen. In einer Vielzahl von Learning-Management-Systemen gehört die technische Möglichkeit solche Aufgaben zu erstellen bereits zum Standard-Repertoire. Dieser Beitrag thematisiert anhand von drei empirischen Studien, welchen psychologischen Kriterien interaktive Lernaufgaben genügen sollten, um einen erfolgreichen Wissenserwerb zu fördern. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass Lernaufgaben, die unter Beachtung psychologischer Konstruktionsregeln erzeugt wurden, die Lernenden nicht nur beim Erwerb von Faktenwissen unterstützen, sondern ihnen beim selbstregulierten Lernen auch Rückmeldung über die von ihnen eingesetzten und einzusetzenden Lernstrategien geben. (DIPF/Orig.

Alloreactivity of Virus-Specific T Cells: Possible Implication of Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effects

Immune reconstitution of functional virus-specific T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been intensively investigated. However, the possible role of crossreactivity of these virus-specific T cells against allogeneic targets is still unclear. Theoretically, as in the field of organ transplantation, virus-specific T cells possess crossreactivity potential after allogeneic HSCT. Such crossreactivity is assumed to play a role in graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effects. In this article, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of current understanding about crossreactivity of virus-specific T cells

Monitoring of Pathogen-Specific T-Cell Immune Reconstitution after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

The clinical outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been significantly improved during the last decades with regard to the reduction in organ failure, infection, and severe acute graft-versus-host disease. However, severe complications due to infectious diseases are still one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic HSCT, in particular in patients receiving haploidentical HSCT or cord blood transplant due to a slow and often incomplete immune reconstitution. In order to improve the immune control of pathogens without an increased risk of alloreactivity, adoptive immunotherapy using highly enriched pathogen-specificT cells offers a promising approach. In order to identify patients who are at high risk for infectious diseases, several monitoring assays have been developed with potential for the guidance of immunosuppressive drugs and adoptive immunotherapy in clinical practice. In this article, we aim to give a comprehensive overview regarding current developments of T-cell monitoring techniques focusing on T cells against viruses and fungi. In particular, we will focus on rather simple, fast, non-labor-intensive, cellular assays which could be integrated in routine clinical screening approaches

Onlinegestützte Audience Response Systeme: Förderung der kognitiven Aktivierung in Vorlesungen und Eröffnung neuer Evaluationsperspektiven

Audience Response Systeme bzw. Clicker bieten die Möglichkeit, Studierende aktiv in Lehrveranstaltungen einzubinden, indem ihnen auf Smartphones oder eigens dafür vorgesehenen Geräten Fragen zur Verfügung gestellt werden (z.B. SMILE]). Das Abstimmungsergebnis kann wiederum vom Dozierenden aufgegriffen und in der Veranstaltung thematisiert werden. Das an der Technischen Universität Dresden entwickelte System „Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service“ (AMCS) bietet zahlreiche weitere Funktionalitäten, die es erlauben Studierende bei Lernprozessen in der Vorlesung zu unterstützen und gleichzeitig eine informative Evaluation der Lehrveranstaltung ermöglichen. Die Funktionalitäten des Systems wurden auf der Grundlage lernpsychologischer Forschung entwickelt (bspw. Modellen des Selbstregulierten Lernens): sie haben gemeinsam das Ziel, Studierende in Abhängigkeit individueller Bedürfnisse dabei zu unterstützen, in der Vorlesung möglichst viel zu lernen. Die Lehrenden haben darüberhinaus die Möglichkeit, umfangreiche Informationen zur Evaluation der Lehrveranstaltung zu gewinnen