Le développement local dans un contexte métropolitain : La démocratie en quête d’un nouveau modèle ?

Traditionnellement, le développement local en référence aux milieux urbains s’est avant tout défini à l’échelle des quartiers. Nous avançons ici l’hypothèse que, à la faveur de la mondialisation, les acteurs sociaux qui en ont fait la promotion dans le passé, en particulier les acteurs du milieu communautaire, devraient dorénavant se tourner vers l’espace métropolitain, car c’est à cette échelle que prennent place, de plus en plus, non seulement le développement économique, mais aussi la gestion des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons fait une étude empirique des pratiques des organismes communautaires de la région de Montréal en matière de développement local, en accordant une attention particulière à leur engagement sur le plan de la démocratie locale. Toutefois, les résultats de notre enquête n’ont pas permis de vérifier notre hypothèse. Cela peut sans doute être expliqué, du moins en partie, par le fait que l’espace métropolitain en tant que territoire politique demeure relativement récent à Montréal.Traditionally, local development in the urban context is defined at the level of neighbourhoods. We hypothesize that, with the influence of globalization, social actors, particularly those in local communities, should be turning towards urban spaces because it is the level not only for economic development, but also for managing social and environmental problems. In order to test our hypothesis, we examined empirically the practices of community organizations in the Montreal region, particularly as regards their approach and plans for local development and their commitment to local democracy. However, the results of this study did not allow us to confirm that hypothesis. That can be explained, at least in part, by the fact that the Montreal region has only recently become defined as a political space

Initiatives communautaires de développement local et gouvernance métropolitaine : quel emboîtement ?

La mondialisation des échanges, la restructuration des économies urbaines et la reconfiguration de l’État-providence ont conduit à deux types de stratégies de développement au sein des métropoles nord-américaines : d’une part, celles qui relèvent d’initiatives communautaires de développement local et qui s’attaquent au chômage et à la pauvreté ; d’autre part, celles qui reposent sur diverses formes de gouvernance métropolitaine et qui visent le positionnement de ces métropoles sur l’échiquier international. Y a-t-il un arrimage entre ces deux types de stratégies et les organismes qui les portent ? C’est à cette question que tente de répondre le présent article en comparant quatre métropoles : Montréal, Toronto, Boston et Pittsburgh

Optical Sensor for the Detection of OH- Contamination during Optical Fibre Manufacturing

Sub-ppm (HCl) and (H2O) monitoring using photoacoustic spectroscopy is reported in optical fibre manufacturing for the production of low-water-peak fibres. Contamination sources of the carrier gas used for fibre preforms manufacturing were identified and discussed

Safety profile of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in infants and children: additional data from a phase III randomized controlled trial in sub-Saharan Africa

A phase III, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial (NCT00866619) in sub-Saharan Africa showed RTS,S/AS01 vaccine efficacy against malaria. We now present in-depth safety results from this study. 8922 children (enrolled at 5-17\xC2\xA0months) and 6537 infants (enrolled at 6-12\xC2\xA0weeks) were 1:1:1-randomized to receive 4 doses of RTS,S/AS01 (R3R) or non-malaria control vaccine (C3C), or 3 RTS,S/AS01 doses plus control (R3C). Aggregate safety data were reviewed by a multi-functional team. Severe malaria with Blantyre Coma Score \xE2\x89\xA42 (cerebral malaria [CM]) and gender-specific mortality were assessed post-hoc. Serious adverse event (SAE) and fatal SAE incidences throughout the study were 24.2%-28.4% and 1.5%-2.5%, respectively across groups; 0.0%-0.3% of participants reported vaccination-related SAEs. The incidence of febrile convulsions in children was higher during the first 2-3 days post-vaccination with RTS,S/AS01 than with control vaccine, consistent with the time window of post-vaccination febrile reactions in this study (mostly the day after vaccination). A statistically significant numerical imbalance was observed for meningitis cases in children (R3R: 11, R3C: 10, C3C: 1) but not in infants. CM cases were more frequent in RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated children (R3R: 19, R3C: 24, C3C: 10) but not in infants. All-cause mortality was higher in RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated versus control girls (2.4% vs 1.3%, all ages) in our setting with low overall mortality. The observed meningitis and CM signals are considered likely chance findings, that - given their severity - warrant further evaluation in phase IV studies and WHO-led pilot implementation programs to establish the RTS,S/AS01 benefit-risk profile in real-life settings

Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio