59 research outputs found
Disponibilite, modes et frequence de consommation des legumes traditionnels Africains dans quatre localites du burkina faso a diverses activites de maraichage : Ouagadougou, Koubri, Loumbila, Kongoussi
Les lĂ©gumes traditionnels constituent une source importante de nutriments pour les mĂ©nages des pays en dĂ©veloppement. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude sâest intĂ©ressĂ©e Ă la diversitĂ©, Ă la  disponibilitĂ©, et  aux modes de consommation des lĂ©gumes traditionnels africains dans des localitĂ©s Ă Â diverses activitĂ©s de maraĂźchage au Burkina Faso. Des enquĂȘtes de consommation alimentaire ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es auprĂšs de 400 mĂ©nages dans quatre localitĂ©s: Ouagadougou, Loumbila, Koubri et Kongoussi. Quatre principaux lĂ©gumes sont retrouvĂ©s en toute saison dans les diffĂ©rentes localitĂ©s : lâoseille (Hibiscus sabdariffa), la corĂšte (Corchorus olitorius), lâamarante (Amaranthus cruentus) et le gombo (Abelmoschus callei). A Kongoussi dâautres lĂ©gumes tels que les feuilles de morelle noire (Solanum scabrum) et de vernonia (Vernonia amygdalina) sont disponibles toute lâannĂ©e. La frĂ©quence de consommation est dâune fois par semaine pour plus de 50 % des mĂ©nages dans les zones Ă faible activitĂ© de maraichage, Ouagadougou, Loumbila et Koubri. A Kongoussi, plus de 45 % des mĂ©nages consomment plus dâune fois par semaine le gombo (Abelmoschus callei), les feuilles de corĂšte (Corchorus olitorius), les feuilles dâoseille (Hibiscus sabdariffa) et les feuilles de haricot (Vigna unguiculata). Le marchĂ© est la source dâapprovisionnement pour 71 % des mĂ©nages enquĂȘtĂ©s. La saison, lâorigine socio-culturelle et les habitudes alimentaires sont les principaux facteurs influant le choix des lĂ©gumes. LâĂ©tat frais est la principale forme de prĂ©fĂ©rence des lĂ©gumes. Pour lâutilisation des lĂ©gumes dans les mĂ©nages, 74,25 % des mĂ©nages lavent 02 Ă 03 fois et dĂ©coupent finement juste au moment de les prĂ©parer. Trois principaux modes de consommation ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©voquĂ©s : la sauce, la soupe et le ragoĂ»t. La sauce est le principal mode de consommation et pour la cuisson 97,25 % procĂšdent par Ă©bullition. PrĂšs de 62,50 % ; 53,33 % ; 45,22 % des mĂ©nages respectivement Ă Koubri, Loumbila et Ouagadougou procĂšdent par blanchiment et rejettent le liquide rĂ©siduel. A Ouagadougou et Ă Kongoussi, respectivement 66,67 % et 33,65 % des mĂ©nages pratiquant le blanchiment sont des non natifs. Lâimportance nutritive et lâeffet antioxydant des lĂ©gumes a Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©e par prĂšs de 87% des rĂ©pondants. LâĂ©tude a permis de conclure que lâactivitĂ© de maraichage influe positivement sur la disponibilitĂ©, la diversitĂ© et la frĂ©quence de consommation des lĂ©gumes dans les mĂ©nages. Cependant des sĂ©ances de sensibilisation sur les traitements post rĂ©coltes et les procĂ©dĂ©s de transformation des lĂ©gumes sont nĂ©cessaires pour en tirer un meilleur profit au plan nutritionnel.Mots clĂ©s : lĂ©gumes, maraĂźchage, diversitĂ©, traitement, blanchiment, cuisson, saison,consommatio
Modalites de consommation et valeur nutritionnelle des legumineuses alimentaires au Burkina Faso
Au Burkina Faso les lĂ©gumineuses constituent une source importante de nutriments pour les populations. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a eu pour objectif de dĂ©terminer la valeur nutritionnelle et la place des lĂ©gumineuses dans le rĂ©gime alimentaire des mĂ©nages Ă Ouagadougou, Kaya, Lebda et NobĂ©rĂ©. La mĂ©thodologie a consistĂ© en une enquĂȘte de consommation alimentaire auprĂšs de 325 mĂ©nages et Ă dĂ©terminer les teneurs en macronutriments et en minĂ©raux fer, zinc et calcium de six (6) variĂ©tĂ©s de lĂ©gumineuses. Il en rĂ©sulte que les principales lĂ©gumineuses consommĂ©es dans les mĂ©nages sont lâarachide (Arachis hypogea L.), le niĂ©bĂ© (Vigna unguiculata L.), le voandzou (Vigna subterranea L.), le soja (Glycine max L.) et le zamnĂš (Acacia macrostachya R.). Lâarachide, le niĂ©bĂ© et le voandzou sont consommĂ©es plus 2 Ă 4 fois dans le mois par lâensemble des mĂ©nages sous forme de mets au sein des mĂ©nages tandis que le soja et le zamnĂš sont consommĂ©s hors mĂ©nage. A lâexception du voandzou qui est consommĂ© au dĂ©jeuner par 38,30% des mĂ©nages Ă Ouagadougou, 60% Ă Kaya, 66,67% Ă Lebda et 43,18% Ă NobĂ©rĂ©, les autres lĂ©gumineuses sont consommĂ©es Ă tout moment de la journĂ©e par plus de 80 % des mĂ©nages enquĂȘtĂ©s. Les lĂ©gumineuses niĂ©bĂ©, voandzou et zamnĂš sont consommĂ©es sous forme de ragout et de plats associĂ©s Ă des cĂ©rĂ©ales respectivement par 99%, 93% et 76%. Lâarachide et le soja sont utilisĂ©s comme des ingrĂ©dients ou comme des collations. Les lĂ©gumineuses ont des teneurs importantes en protĂ©ines, 35,76%, 31,04%, 27,29%, 22,55% et 20,38% respectivement pour le zamnĂš, le soja, lâarachide, le niĂ©bĂ© et le voandzou. Les teneurs en lipides sont faibles et contribuent Ă moins de 7% Ă la valeur Ă©nergĂ©tique. Le niĂ©bĂ© et le voandzou ont des teneurs en carbohydrates Ă©levĂ©es, prĂšs de 60%. Les teneurs en fer des lĂ©gumineuses varient de 1,77 mg/100g (voandzou) Ă 6,50 mg/100g (soja). Celles en zinc varient de 5,34 mg/100 g (zamnĂš) Ă 4,33 mg/100g (soja). Le soja et le zamnĂš ont dâimportantes teneurs en calcium, respectivement 57,42 mg/100g et 68,40 mg/100g. Du fait de leur valeur nutritionnelle intĂ©ressante en micronutriments ces deux lĂ©gumineuses nĂ©cessitent une attention particuliĂšre pour lâenrichissement des produits locaux. La diversification des produits issus de ces lĂ©gumineuses ainsi que celle des mĂ©thodes de consommation au sein des mĂ©nages permettront un meilleur profilage de leur bĂ©nĂ©fice nutritionnel auprĂšs des populations.Mots clĂ©s: LĂ©gumineuses, importance, consommation, mĂ©nages, nutriments, urbain, rural, Burkina Fas
Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance in Niger: Increased Importance of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C, and a Decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae Following 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction
Background:
Meningitis is endemic in Niger. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were introduced in 2008 and 2014, respectively. Vaccination campaign against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A was carried out in 2010â2011. We evaluated changes in pathogen distribution using data from hospital-based surveillance in Niger from 2010 through 2016.
Methods:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from children <5 years old with suspected meningitis were tested to detect vaccine-preventable bacterial pathogens. Confirmatory identification and serotyping/grouping of Streptococcus pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae were done. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on S. pneumoniae isolates.
Results:
The surveillance included 2580 patients with suspected meningitis, of whom 80.8% (2085/2580) had CSF collected. Bacterial meningitis was confirmed in 273 patients: 48% (131/273) was N. meningitidis, 45% (123/273) S. pneumoniae, and 7% (19/273) H. influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis decreased from 34 in 2014, to 16 in 2016. PCV13 serotypes made up 88% (7/8) of S. pneumoniae meningitis prevaccination and 20% (5/20) postvaccination. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) was responsible for 59% (10/17) of serogrouped N. meningitidis meningitis. Hib caused 67% (2/3) of the H. influenzae meningitis isolates serotyped. Penicillin resistance was found in 16% (4/25) of S. pneumoniae isolates. Sequence type 217 was the most common lineage among S. pneumoniae isolates.
Conclusions:
Neisseria meningitidis and S. pneumoniae remain important causes of meningitis in children in Niger. The decline in the numbers of S. pneumoniae meningitis post-PCV13 is encouraging and should continue to be monitored. NmC is the predominant serogroup causing N. meningitidis meningitis
Disentangling astroglial physiology with a realistic cell model in silico
Electrically non-excitable astroglia take up neurotransmitters, buffer extracellular K+ and generate Ca2+ signals that release molecular regulators of neural circuitry. The underlying machinery remains enigmatic, mainly because the sponge-like astrocyte morphology has been difficult to access experimentally or explore theoretically. Here, we systematically incorporate multi-scale, tri-dimensional astroglial architecture into a realistic multi-compartmental cell model, which we constrain by empirical tests and integrate into the NEURON computational biophysical environment. This approach is implemented as a flexible astrocyte-model builder ASTRO. As a proof-of-concept, we explore an in silico astrocyte to evaluate basic cell physiology features inaccessible experimentally. Our simulations suggest that currents generated by glutamate transporters or K+ channels have negligible distant effects on membrane voltage and that individual astrocytes can successfully handle extracellular K+ hotspots. We show how intracellular Ca2+ buffers affect Ca2+ waves and why the classical Ca2+ sparks-and-puffs mechanism is theoretically compatible with common readouts of astroglial Ca2+ imaging
Hypoxia-Induced Down-Regulation of Neprilysin by Histone Modification in Mouse Primary Cortical and Hippocampal Neurons
Amyloid ÎČ-peptide (AÎČ) accumulation leads to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). AÎČ metabolism is a dynamic process in the AÎČ production and clearance that requires neprilysin (NEP) and other enzymes to degrade AÎČ. It has been reported that NEP expression is significantly decreased in the brain of AD patients. Previously we have documented hypoxia is a risk factor for AÎČ generation in vivo and in vitro through increasing AÎČ generation by altering ÎČ-cleavage and Îł-cleavage of APP and down-regulating NEP, and causing tau hyperphosphorylation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia-induced down-regulation of NEP. We found a significant decrease in NEP expression at the mRNA and protein levels after hypoxic treatment in mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and relative quantitative PCR (q-PCR) revealed an increase of histone H3-lysine9 demethylation (H3K9me2) and a decrease of H3 acetylation (H3-Ace) in the NEP promoter regions following hypoxia. In addition, we found that hypoxia caused up-regulation of histone methyl transferase (HMT) G9a and histone deacetylases (HDACs) HDAC-1. Decreased expression of NEP during hypoxia can be prevented by application with the epigenetic regulators 5-Aza-2âČ-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), HDACs inhibitor sodium valproate (VA), and siRNA-mediated knockdown of G9a or HDAC1. DNA methylation PCR data do not support that hypoxia affects the methylation of NEP promoters. This study suggests that hypoxia may down-regulate NEP by increasing H3K9me2 and decreasing H3-Ace modulation
Astrocyte-secreted thrombospondin-1 modulates synapse and spine defects in the fragile X mouse model
Roles of glial cells in synapse development
Brain function relies on communication among neurons via highly specialized contacts, the synapses, and synaptic dysfunction lies at the heart of age-, disease-, and injury-induced defects of the nervous system. For these reasons, the formationâand repairâof synaptic connections is a major focus of neuroscience research. In this review, I summarize recent evidence that synapse development is not a cell-autonomous process and that its distinct phases depend on assistance from the so-called glial cells. The results supporting this view concern synapses in the central nervous system as well as neuromuscular junctions and originate from experimental models ranging from cell cultures to living flies, worms, and mice. Peeking at the future, I will highlight recent technical advances that are likely to revolutionize our views on synapseâglia interactions in the developing, adult and diseased brain
Measurement of the ttÌW and ttÌZ production cross sections in pp collisions at âs = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
The production cross sections of top-quark pairs in association with massive vector bosons have been measured using data from pp collisions at sâ = 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fbâÂč collected by the ATLAS detector in 2012 at the LHC. Final states with two, three or four leptons are considered. A fit to the data considering the ttÌW and ttÌZ processes simultaneously yields a significance of 5.0Ï (4.2Ï) over the background-only hypothesis for ttÂŻWttÂŻW (ttÌZ) production. The measured cross sections are ÏttÌW = 369 + 100â91 fb and ÏttÌZ = 176 + 58â52 fb. The background-only hypothesis with neither ttÌW nor ttÌZ production is excluded at 7.1Ï. All measurements are consistent with next-to-leading-order calculations for the ttÌW and ttÌZ processes
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