Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Use of biotechnology as generator of resistance mechanism to water stress in the rosa productive chain (rosa indica l. var. classy)

Liquid humic substances are one of the biotechnological alternatives for organic agriculture, mainly those that are obtained from recyclable organic sources such as compost and vermicompost. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of biofertilization with Liplant on the growth, development and water relations of rose plants, exposed to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out under semicontrolled conditions in the central area of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA), San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque province. Used were the species Rosa indica L. var. Classy; applying a completely randomized design, where the factors studied were the sprinkling with the biostimulant Liplant 1/40 v.v., and the water stress condition, with 4 treatments, 2 with control and two with stress; alternating in each case the application or not of the Liplant. The substrate used was composed of leached red ferralitic soil, combined with cachaza in proportion 3:1 v.v. It was observed that the index evaluated were significantly affected by the pre-established drought conditions, clearly showing a decrease of the biomass in the aerial parts of the plant, being more remarkable in plants without application of Liplant. Sprinkling with Liplant 1/40 v.v., allowed to increase the production of biomass, both in good wáter catering and in conditions of water deficit. This reflects that the efficient use of biotechnology helps to mitigate, in the case of rose cultivation, the negative effects of climate change. Copyright © 2018, AIDIC Servizi [email protected]@campusucc.edu.c

Use of biotechnology as generator of resistance mechanism to water stress in the rosa productive chain (rosa indica l. var. classy)

Liquid humic substances are one of the biotechnological alternatives for organic agriculture, mainly those that are obtained from recyclable organic sources such as compost and vermicompost. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of biofertilization with Liplant on the growth, development and water relations of rose plants, exposed to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out under semicontrolled conditions in the central area of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA), San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque province. Used were the species Rosa indica L. var. Classy; applying a completely randomized design, where the factors studied were the sprinkling with the biostimulant Liplant 1/40 v.v., and the water stress condition, with 4 treatments, 2 with control and two with stress; alternating in each case the application or not of the Liplant. The substrate used was composed of leached red ferralitic soil, combined with cachaza in proportion 3:1 v.v. It was observed that the index evaluated were significantly affected by the pre-established drought conditions, clearly showing a decrease of the biomass in the aerial parts of the plant, being more remarkable in plants without application of Liplant. Sprinkling with Liplant 1/40 v.v., allowed to increase the production of biomass, both in good wáter catering and in conditions of water deficit. This reflects that the efficient use of biotechnology helps to mitigate, in the case of rose cultivation, the negative effects of climate change. Copyright © 2018, AIDIC Servizi [email protected]

Trastornos metabólicos en el espectro completo del índice de masa corporal en una población colombiana con enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: La relación entre obesidad y enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) se estableció desde hace un tiempo considerable y la prevalencia de ambas condiciones ha crecido a la par. Un reciente interés en EHGNA en individuos no obesos ha llevado a un mayor número de estudios, especialmente en Asia. A pesar del hecho de que la prevalencia de EHGNA en Latinoamérica es una de las más altas del mundo, no existe información sobre poblaciones EHGNA delgadas de la región. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el riesgo de comorbilidades metabólicas en el espectro completo del índice de masa corporal (IMC) al momento de diagnóstico inicial de esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA) en una población latinoamericana. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio transversal de un solo centro en pacientes colombianos recientemente diagnosticados con EHNA, en el marco temporal de 2010 a 2020. Comparamos su perfil bioquímico metabólico, enzimas hepáticas, riesgo de anormalidades metabólicas prevalentes y enfermedad hepática. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 300 pacientes. Noventa y dos por ciento de los pacientes fueron hombres y la edad mediana de los pacientes fue 47 (RIQ 20) años. No encontramos diferencias significativas en el perfil bioquímico, metabólico o de concentración de enzimas hepáticas en plasma entre sujetos delgados, con sobrepeso y obesos. Los pacientes obesos tuvieron colesterol LDL significativamente más elevado y un mayor riesgo de dislipidemia (OR 1.86, IC 95% 1.14-3.05). Cada incremento de un kilogramo de peso corporal incrementó el riesgo de presentar EHNA en 2% (IC 95% 2-4). Conclusiones: Evaluamos los riesgos metabólicos en el espectro completo del índice de masa corporal en una cohorte colombiana con EHGNA y presentamos las características de la que creemos es la primera población delgada latinoamericana con EHGNA en ser descrita. Abstract: Background and aims: The relationship between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has long been established, and the prevalence of both conditions has grown together. Recent interest in NAFLD in nonobese individuals has led to an increasing number of studies, especially in Asia. Despite the fact that the prevalence of NAFLD in Latin America is one of the highest in the world, there is a lack of information on lean NAFLD populations from the region. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of metabolic comorbidities across the whole body mass index spectrum when nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was first diagnosed in a Latin American population. Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study on Colombian patients newly diagnosed with NAFLD, within the time frame of 2010 to 2020, compared their metabolic biochemical profile, liver enzymes, risk of prevalent metabolic abnormalities, and liver disease. Results: Data from 300 patients were collected. Ninety-two percent of the patients were men and the median patient age was 47 (IQR 20) years. We found no significant differences in the biochemical, metabolic profile, or liver enzyme plasma concentration between lean, overweight, and obese individuals. Obese patients had significantly higher LDL cholesterol, and a higher risk of dyslipidemia (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.14-3.05). Every 1 kg increase in body weight increased the risk of having NASH by 2% (95% CI 2-4). Conclusions: We evaluated the metabolic risk across the entire body mass index spectrum in a Colombian cohort with NAFLD and presented the characteristics of what we believe is the first Latin American lean NAFLD population to be described

Manipulation of hot carrier cooling dynamics in two-dimensional Dion–Jacobson hybrid perovskites via Rashba band splitting

Hot-carrier cooling processes of perovskite materials are typically described by a single parabolic band model that includes the effects of carrier-phonon scattering, hot phonon bottleneck, and Auger heating. However, little is known (if anything) about the cooling processes in which the spin-degenerate parabolic band splits into two spin-polarized bands, i.e., the Rashba band splitting effect. Here, we investigated the hot-carrier cooling processes for two slightly different compositions of two-dimensional Dion–Jacobson hybrid perovskites, namely, (3AMP)PbI4 and (4AMP)PbI4 (3AMP = 3-(aminomethyl)piperidinium; 4AMP = 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium), using a combination of ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. In (4AMP)PbI4, upon Rashba band splitting, the spin-dependent scattering of hot electrons is responsible for accelerating hot-carrier cooling at longer delays. Importantly, the hot-carrier cooling of (4AMP)PbI4 can be extended by manipulating the spin state of the hot carriers. Our findings suggest a new approach for prolonging hot-carrier cooling in hybrid perovskites, which is conducive to further improving the performance of hot-carrier-based optoelectronic and spintronic devices. © 2021, The Author(s).Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]