The role of spleen macrophages in malaria : an ultrastructural study

O presente estudo objetivou investigar através de microscopia eletrônica a natureza das células esplênicas envolvidas no processo de retirada do Plasmodium berghei do sangue de camundongos BALB/c infectados e os possíveis mecanismos utilizados. Os macrófagos, particularmente da polpa vermelha e da zona marginal, constituíram a mais importante população de células fagocitárias do baço. No pico da parasitemia, macrófagos da periferia da polpa branca, principalmente da zona do manto dos folículos secundários também participaram do processo de fagocitose. Células reticulares e interdigitais também apresentaram atividade fago- citária, embora em grau limitado. Nossas observações sugerem que a fagocitose de parasitos livres e de eritrócitos parasitados constitui o principal mecanismo de destruição intra-esplênica do plasmódio. Os parasitos podem ser retirados dos eritrócitos quando estes atravessam as pequenas fendas interendoteliais dos sinusóides e são em seguida fagocitados por macrófagos. São apresentadas evidências de que macrófagos esplênicos podem destruir parasitos através de mecanismos de citotoxicidade.An electronmicroscopy study of the spleen from mice infected with Plasmodium berghei was carried out to investigate the types ofcells in volved in the removal of parasites from the blood, and the mechanisms by which this occurs. Macrophages, particularly from the red pulp and the marginal zone of the spleen, constituted the most important population of phagocytic cells in the spleen. At the height ofparasitaemia, macrophages in the periphery of the white pulp, especially in the mantle zone of secondary follicles, were also found to participate in phagocytosis, although to a limited extent. Our fingings suggest that phagocytosis of free parasites or parasitized erythrocytes in the spleen is an important mechanism of clearance of parasites from the circulation. Parasites removed from the erythrocytes when these cells cross the interendothelial slits are further phagocytosed by neighbouring macrophages. Evidence is presented suggesting that spleen macrophages may act against the parasite through a process of cytotoxicity

Pobreza Multidimensional y Dificultades Emocionales: Un análisis enfocado en los adolescentes peruanos, 2009 - 2016

Diferentes investigaciones han analizado la relación entre la pobreza y aspectos de la salud mental en adolescentes, encontrando asociaciones significativas entre las variables. No obstante, estudian la pobreza solo desde el enfoque monetario prescindiendo de la multidimensionalidad de la pobreza. Asimismo, esta literatura limita su análisis al estudio de privaciones por separado o abarca aspectos de la salud mental profundamente estudiados como la ansiedad y depresión. A partir de lo mencionado, se identifica un vacío en el análisis del efecto de la pobreza enfocada en el padecimiento simultáneo de múltiples privaciones sobre las dificultades emocionales en los adolescentes. Por ello, esta investigación busca analizar la relación entre la situación de pobreza multidimensional de los adolescentes peruanos y sus dificultades emocionales, entendidas como un aspecto de la salud mental, entre los años 2009 y 2016. Para tal fin, se utiliza el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional propuesto por Clausen, Barrantes y Matos (2020), debido a que captura un amplio número de privaciones del individuo a comparación de los estudios encontrados relativos al tópico de esta investigación. Respecto a las Dificultades Emocionales, se miden con el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Debilidades (SDQ; Goodman 1997), pues es una herramienta con propiedades psicométricas que cuantifica aspectos emocionales de la salud mental en adolescentes. A partir de los datos del estudio longitudinal Niños del Milenio, se estima un modelo econométrico adecuado para un pooled de 3 años, 2009, 2013 y 2016. Así, se obtuvo como resultado un parámetro positivo y significativo, es decir, existe un efecto positivo de la pobreza multidimensional sobre los síntomas emocionales de los adolescentes peruanos. Por lo tanto, la situación de pobreza multidimensional es un factor relevante que explica las distintas dificultades emocionales de los adolescentes en el Perú

Estudio de estrategias de marketing y asesoramiento para los comerciantes minoristas de la bahía "Mi Lindo Milagro".

Este proyecto investigativo se realizó en un estudio de campo, acercándonos a las fuentes donde se su citaba el problema. Es que la bahía “Mi Lindo Milagro” tiene problemas en la infraestructura, el poco conocimiento de técnicas de marketing y los clientes se sienten insatisfechos con el servicio que se les otorga. Para ellos en este proyecto se da a conocer las varias soluciones a los inconvenientes dados. Se establecen estrategias como promociones para los clientes, que se sientan satisfechos y vuelvan al mismo lugar a demandar productos así se generara la fidelización de ellos, logrando así que los comerciantes minoristas tengan una mejor rentabilidad. Estos locales comerciales pertenecen a la bahía, que se encuentra ubicado en el cantón Milagro de la provincia del Guayas Sector Nuevo Milagro

Las redes sociales de los niños y niñas de 6 años en la escuela: estudio de los grupos formados por escolares de primero de Primaria

Investigació en Ciències Humanes i Socials.( XV Jornadas de Investigación en Ciencias Humanas y Sociales

Consensus-based approach to develop a measurement framework and identify a core set of indicators to track implementation and progress towards effective coverage of facility-based Kangaroo Mother Care.

BACKGROUND: As efforts to scale up the delivery of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in facilities are increasing, a standardized approach to measure implementation and progress towards effective coverage is needed. Here, we describe a consensus-based approach to develop a measurement framework and identify a core set of indicators for monitoring facility-based KMC that would be feasible to measure within existing systems. METHODS: The KMC measurement framework and core list of indicators were developed through: 1) scoping exercise to identify potential indicators through literature review and requests from researchers and program implementers; and 2) face-to-face consultations with KMC and measurement experts working at country and global levels to review candidate indicators and finalize selection and definitions. RESULTS: The KMC measurement framework includes two main components: 1) service readiness, based on the WHO building blocks framework; and 2) service delivery action sequence covering identification, service initiation, continuation to discharge, and follow-up to graduation. Consensus was reached on 10 core indicators for KMC, which were organized according to the measurement framework. We identified 4 service readiness indicators, capturing national level policy for KMC, availability of KMC indicators in HMIS, costed operational plans for KMC and availability of KMC services at health facilities with inpatient maternity services. Six indicators were defined for service delivery, including weighing of babies at birth, identification of those ≤2000 g, initiation of facility-based KMC, monitoring the quality of KMC, status of babies at discharge from the facility and levels of follow-up (according to country-specific protocol). CONCLUSIONS: These core KMC indicators, identified with input from a wide range of global and country-level KMC and measurement experts, can aid efforts to strengthen monitoring systems and facilitate global tracking of KMC implementation. As data collection systems advance, we encourage program managers and evaluators to document their experiences using this framework to measure progress and allow indicator refinement, with the overall aim of working towards sustainable, country-led data systems

La imagen que el profesor tiene de los alumnos y la aceptación de los alumnos por sus iguales en primero de primaria

Comunicación presentada en las I Congreso Internacional sobre Ciudadanía Crítica y Mejora Educativa: recursos, estrategias y experiencias, celebradas en la Universitat Jaume I (Castellón, España) los días 13 al 15 de octubre 2011El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre la imagen del alumno que tiene el profesor y la aceptación de los alumnos por sus iguales. La muestra está formada por 247 alumnos escolarizados en 11 aulas de primero de primaria, de cinco colegios públicos de Castellón de la Plana. A nivel metodológico se ha realizado un estudio de correlaciones, el procedimiento Anova de un factor, un análisis de tablas de contingencia r, y un análisis de regresión. Respecto a los resultados, las correlaciones son significativas, el Anova de un factor muestra que el profesor establece claras diferencias entre tipologías sociométricas y el análisis de regresión refleja cierto carácter predictivo de la variable preferencia del maestro sobre la aceptación de los iguales

Potenciación del contexto social escolar que promueve la convivencia, la inclusión, la ciudadanía y el aprendizaje

Comunicación presentada en las I Congreso Internacional sobre Ciudadanía Crítica y Mejora Educativa: recursos, estrategias y experiencias, celebradas en la Universitat Jaume I (Castellón, España) los días 13 al 15 de octubre 2011.El artículo trata sobre la implementación de un programa multinivel, multicomponente y multiagente. Se aplicó a 4 colegios de Castellón en las aulas de 1º de primaria (curso 2010-2011). Se basa en 3 grandes componentes (normas de convivencia y estrategias permanentes, aprendizaje cooperativo y desarrollo socioemocional) a partir de los cuales se capacitó a los profesores durante 6 sesiones de formación (30 horas). Ellos mismos fueron los que implementaron el programa adaptándolo al currículo, por lo que se pudo observar mejoras considerables, por una parte, aprendieron a ser más conscientes en la forma de dirigirse al alumnado; y por otra, en las relaciones interpersonales con su clase y entre los propios alumnos

Hurdles and opportunities in implementing marine biosecurity systems in data-poor regions

Managing marine nonindigenous species (mNIS) is challenging, because marine environments are highly connected, allowing the dispersal of species across large spatial scales, including geopolitical borders. Cross-border inconsistencies in biosecurity management can promote the spread of mNIS across geopolitical borders, and incursions often go unnoticed or unreported. Collaborative surveillance programs can enhance the early detection of mNIS, when response may still be possible, and can foster capacity building around a common threat. Regional or international databases curated for mNIS can inform local monitoring programs and can foster real-time information exchange on mNIS of concern. When combined, local species reference libraries, publicly available mNIS databases, and predictive modeling can facilitate the development of biosecurity programs in regions lacking baseline data. Biosecurity programs should be practical, feasible, cost-effective, mainly focused on prevention and early detection, and be built on the collaboration and coordination of government, nongovernment organizations, stakeholders, and local citizens for a rapid response.This work resulted from a workshop organized at the King Abdul- lah University of Science and Technology and sponsored under the Support for Conferences and Workshops Program. We would like to thank the admin support of the Red Sea Research Cen- ter team, IT, and teachers and students from the KAUST schools who participated in some outreach activities. We thank Ana Bi- gio for the artwork presented in this article (figures 1–4). GS was supported by the European Social Fund, under project no 09.3.3- LMT-K-712, the “Development of Competences of Scientists, other Researchers and Students through Practical Research Activities” measure, grant agreement no. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712–19-0083

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Informe de Política Exterior Argentina No. 688

Este informe corresponde a la semana del 06/04/23 al 12/04/23 Se tratan temas sobre relaciones bilaterales con Brasil, Uruguay, Rusia, China, Nigeria, Vanuatu y Vaticano. Además, incluye los temas de agenda sobre: Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, Organización de Naciones Unidas, Relaciones económicas internacionales, Organización de los Estados Americanos, Fondo Monetario Internacional, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales, Feria de Defensa y Seguridad, Deuda Soberana, Conflicto Palestino-Israelí y Cuestión Malvinas