Acquired tetanus: clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients in an university hospital

INTRODUCTION: Notwithstanding its substantial decline over the last two decades, acquired tetanus is still a serious health problem in most developing countries. Epidemiological transition is often cited as an explanation for this decline, the increase in vaccination coverage of children being the most obvious cause. Few studies have looked carefully at the current epidemiological patterns of acquired tetanus in developing countries. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive, retrospective (series of cases). An acute care 400 - bed university referral hospital situated in a densely populated and highly urbanized area in Southeastern Brazil (Campinas, SP). Patient records the data-base analysed were from the Epidemiological Surveillance Unit of the hospital. RESULTS: In the 57 month period from January 1989 to March 1996 fifty-three patients were admitted with a diagnosis of acquired tetanus. Fifty patients had clinical confirmation, 3 were otherwise diagnosed. Thirty-two (64%) were male and 18 (36%) female. Fourteen (28%) were from rural areas and 36 (72%) from urban. Mean age was 47.6 years, with a median of 49.5. Of the rural patients, 42.85% were under 30 years and 21.42% were over 50, mean age was 36.21 with a median of 34.5. Fewer urban patients were under 30 (13.88%) than over 50 (58.33%), mean age was 52.19 with a median of 54.5. Trismus was the most frequent (92.0%) clinical sign on admittance, followed by abdominal muscular rigidity (84.0%). Treatment measures were uniform and included tetanus immune globulin, antibiotics, surgical debridement of the wound when feasible, diazepan or curare depending on the intensity of spasms. In the second half of the study period, penicillin was replaced by metronidazol. Overall case fatality rate was 20%, in patients that had to receive curare, it was 60%. Hospitalization exceeded 21 days in 56% (28) of the cases, only 10% (5) had a hospital stay of less than 7 days. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of patients were from rural areas, despite an urbanization rate of more than 90%. In the Campinas region there are two different epidemiological patterns of acquired tetanus: a rural pattern, with a higher proportion of younger patients, determined by an inadequate immunization rate and an urban pattern, similar to that found in industrialized countries, with a higher proportion of older patients. RECOMMENDATIONS: There is an obvious need to immunize older individuals in urban areas and young adults in rural areas. The elimination of acquired tetanus will only be achieved with a wider and more intensive adult vaccination program.INTRODUÇÃO: O número de casos notificados de tétano acidental no Estado de São Paulo sofreu redução. O declínio do número de casos de qualquer doença sempre traz transformações no seu perfil epidemiológico, que devem sempre ser analisadas para aprimorar as medidas preventivas. Assim, foi analisado o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos casos de tétano internados em hospital universitário de Campinas de 1989 a 1996. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo (série de casos). Todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de tétano de janeiro de 1989 a março de 1996, internados no hospital universitário, foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Catorze (28%) eram da zona rural e 36 (72%) da zona urbana. A idade média foi de 47,6 anos e a mediana de 49,5. Dos pacientes da zona rural, 42,8% tinham até 30 anos e 21,42% tinham mais de 50 anos, sendo a média 36,21 e a mediana 34,5; dos pacientes da zona urbana, 13,9% tinham até 30 anos e 58,3% mais de 50 anos, sendo a média de 52,2 e a mediana de 54,5. A letalidade foi de 20%, mais elevada nos pacientes curarizados (60%). CONCLUSÃO: Na região estudada existem dois padrões epidemiológicos: o rural, com maior número de jovens, refletindo uma vacinação inadequada, e o urbano, semelhante ao dos países desenvolvidos, com predomínio das faixas etárias mais altas

The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation

Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: Brief review and guidelines for treatment

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases caused by the deficiency of one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) breakdown pathway. This metabolic block leads to the accumulation of GAG in various organs and tissues of the affected patients, resulting in a multisystemic clinical picture, sometimes including cognitive impairment. Until the beginning of the XXI century, treatment was mainly supportive. Bone marrow transplantation improved the natural course of the disease in some types of MPS, but the morbidity and mortality restricted its use to selected cases. The identification of the genes involved, the new molecular biology tools and the availability of animal models made it possible to develop specific enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) for these diseases. At present, a great number of Brazilian medical centers from all regions of the country have experience with ERT for MPS I, II, and VI, acquired not only through patient treatment but also in clinical trials. Taking the three types of MPS together, over 200 patients have been treated with ERT in our country. This document summarizes the experience of the professionals involved, along with the data available in the international literature, bringing together and harmonizing the information available on the management of these severe and progressive diseases, thus disclosing new prospects for Brazilian patients affected by these conditions

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Human Fungal Pathogens Causing Paracoccidioidomycosis

Paracoccidioides is a fungal pathogen and the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis, a health-threatening human systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Infection by Paracoccidioides, a dimorphic fungus in the order Onygenales, is coupled with a thermally regulated transition from a soil-dwelling filamentous form to a yeast-like pathogenic form. To better understand the genetic basis of growth and pathogenicity in Paracoccidioides, we sequenced the genomes of two strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb03 and Pb18) and one strain of Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01). These genomes range in size from 29.1 Mb to 32.9 Mb and encode 7,610 to 8,130 genes. To enable genetic studies, we mapped 94% of the P. brasiliensis Pb18 assembly onto five chromosomes. We characterized gene family content across Onygenales and related fungi, and within Paracoccidioides we found expansions of the fungal-specific kinase family FunK1. Additionally, the Onygenales have lost many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and fewer genes involved in protein metabolism, resulting in a higher ratio of proteases to carbohydrate active enzymes in the Onygenales than their relatives. To determine if gene content correlated with growth on different substrates, we screened the non-pathogenic onygenale Uncinocarpus reesii, which has orthologs for 91% of Paracoccidioides metabolic genes, for growth on 190 carbon sources. U. reesii showed growth on a limited range of carbohydrates, primarily basic plant sugars and cell wall components; this suggests that Onygenales, including dimorphic fungi, can degrade cellulosic plant material in the soil. In addition, U. reesii grew on gelatin and a wide range of dipeptides and amino acids, indicating a preference for proteinaceous growth substrates over carbohydrates, which may enable these fungi to also degrade animal biomass. These capabilities for degrading plant and animal substrates suggest a duality in lifestyle that could enable pathogenic species of Onygenales to transfer from soil to animal hosts.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services (contract HHSN266200400001C)National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services(contract HHSN2722009000018C)Brazil. National Council for Scientific and Technological Developmen

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio