Pebbles and avalanches

This joint exhibition of ten artists from the University of Lincoln was curated by Clare Charnley and used artworks to draw attention to the complex dynamics of the two-way process of influence between teachers and students of art. This show included stills from one of my video pieces - ‘Domain of formlessness’, which was inspired by Steve Dutton whom I met whilst doing my Masters. The video relates (quite literally) to the notion of ‘avalanches’ in the title of this exhibition and the film stems from a conversation that started between Steve and myself (and continues to this day) about the catastrophes that result from trying to deal with landslides of material from abandoned artistic activities which often end up strewn chaotically across the studio. Dutton and Peacock made a film called ‘Plague-Orgy-Time’ in 1997 and I first saw it in their exhibition ‘Apocatropes’ at the Mappin Gallery in the same year. I was taken by their approach to a ‘series of accretions of things in a space punctuated by scattered evidence of artistic activity’ (Glover, I. 1997). My film deals with a similar issue but in this case the studio is reduced to a model and artistic activities are miniaturised in a series of ‘Gulliver-esque’ tableaux or enactments – each one punctuated by the close of a stage curtain. In a way my film consciously tends towards 'the reproduced', the constructed stage, film or theatre set in its depictions of a series of avalanches and visually references old slapstick humour films in a sequence of ‘vignettes’. The strange beauty of this apparently absurd process experienced in the studio is foregrounded in this 'homage'. References Izi Glover 1997 ‘Musée Imaginaire’ Frieze Issue 3

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

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Este trabalho é uma investigação sobre os vínculos entre o desenho, a imaginação e o imaginário de crianças e adolescentes, escrito do ponto de vista de um artista desenhista em sua trajetória de iniciação à docência do conteúdo Arte na escola pública municipal paulistana. Durante a pesquisa, o artista/educador estabelece um diálogo com a obra Imaginário e Pedagogia (1992) do autor francês Bruno Duborgel, dedicando-se à verificação das hipóteses trazidas por este autor sobre os riscos de abandono, colonização e subalternização da imaginação e do imaginário, impostas à criança pela escola, sob os ideais positivistas de progresso racional, técnico e científico que regem estas instituições. Ao ter reunido de forma remota, em meio à pandemia do coronavírus, um grupo de quinze crianças de 11 a 14 anos, estudantes do ensino fundamental da escola EMEF Prof. Queiroz Filho em uma iniciativa nomeada Grupo de Estudos Desenho Percepção & Imaginação, o artista/educador constituiu um acervo de desenhos feitos por elas sob os estímulos Árvore, Ar/Céu, Terra, Fogo, Água e Desenho Livre. Esta produção gráfica infantojuvenil fornece os dados de análise que sustentam esta dissertação, por meio da qual o artista/educador prospectou traços da consciência imaginante sobre a qual escreveu Duborgel em sua obra. Ao final do trabalho, o pesquisador também detalha a metodologia adotada por ele na condução de uma oficina ministrada em 2019 às crianças do Ateliê Nossa Casa da ECA/USP, esboçando, a partir do relato daquele percurso, possíveis valores favoráveis à imaginação e ao imaginário em experiências de aprendizagem com o desenho. Assim, esta investigação averiguou quais são as possíveis contribuições que experiências com o aprendizado artístico do desenho oferecem para a constituição de uma pedagogia do imaginário.This study is an investigation about the bond between drawing, imagination and the imaginary of children and adolescents, and it was written from the point of view of a drawing artist in his initiation to Art teaching at a municipal public school in São Paulo. During the research, the artist/educator establishes a dialog with Bruno Duborgels work Imaginary and Pedagogy (1992) and verifies the hypotheses brought by such author on the risks of abandonment, colonization and subordination of the imagination and of the imaginary, imposed by the school to the child, under the positivist ideals of a rational, technical and scientific progress that govern those institutions. Through remote meetings due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the artist/educator involved a group of 11 children from 11 to 14 years old of Municipal School Prof. Queiroz Filho in an initiative named Study Group on Drawing, Perception and Imagination. By doing so, the artist/educator constituted a collection of drawings made by the children under the motivations Tree, Air/Sky, Earth, Fire, Water and Free Drawing. The juvenile graphic production provides analysis data that support the present thesis, through which the artist/educator surveyed characteristics of the imaginative consciousness about which Duborgel wrote. At the end of this work, the researcher also details the methodology adopted in the workshop given in 2019 to the children of Ateliê Nossa Casa, of ECA/USP, drafting possible values that favor the imagination and the imaginary in the learning experience with drawing from the report on that course. Thus, this investigation verified the possible contributions from artistic drawing learning to the constitution of a pedagogy of the imaginary

Does uric acid-lowering treatment slow the progression of chronic kidney disease? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Introduction: Hyperuricemia has been proposed as an independent factor in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effect of uric acid-lowering therapies on delaying CKD progression is still uncertain. Therefore, this systemic review aims to assess the effect of uric acid-lowering therapies on renal outcomes in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs databases were searched until April 24, 2021, for randomized clinical trials of CKD patients on uric acid-lowering treatment with xanthine-oxidase (XO) inhibitors. The weighted mean difference (WMD) or standard mean difference (SMD) with confidence interval (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: Among 567 studies found, eighteen met the inclusion criteria (n = 2463 participants). Compared to the patient's control group, the WMD for the glomerular filtration ratio (GFR) and serum creatinine changes of the treated group was 2.02 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95%CI 0.41 to 3.63, P = 0.014) and −0.19 mg/dl (95%CI −0.34 to −0.04, I2 = 86.2%, P = 0.011), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the difference in follow-up time and CKD population type in the studies may explain the controversy about the role of uric acid-lowering therapies in CKD progression. The GFR and creatinine outcomes analysis by types of XO inhibitors showed no difference between the control and treated groups. Uric acid-lowering therapies were strongly associated with decreased serum uric acid and urinary protein–creatinine ratio and urinary albumin–creatinine ratio. Conclusions: These findings suggest that uric acid-lowering treatment may slow CKD progress and reduce protein and albumin excretion. However, larger and properly powered randomized clinical trials with specific CKD populations are needed to confirm these findings. Resumen: Antecedentes: La hiperuricemia se ha propuesto como un factor independiente en el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Sin embargo, el efecto de las terapias para reducir el ácido úrico en el retraso de la progresión de la ERC aún es incierto. Por lo tanto, esta revisión sistémica tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos para reducir el ácido úrico sobre los resultados renales en pacientes con ERC antes de la diálisis. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de PubMed, Cochrane Library y Lilacs hasta el 24 de abril de 2021 en busca de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados de pacientes con ERC en tratamiento para reducir el ácido úrico con inhibidores de la xantina-oxidasa (XO). La diferencia de medias ponderada (DMP) o la diferencia de medias estándar (DME) con el intervalo de confianza (IC) se agruparon mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorizados. Resultados: Entre los 567 estudios encontrados, 18 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión (n = 2.463 participantes). En comparación con los pacientes del grupo control, la DMP para la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y los cambios en la creatinina sérica del grupo tratado fueron de 2,02 ml/min/1,73 m2 (IC del 95%: 0,41 a 3,63, P = 0,014) y −0,19 mg/dl (IC del 95%: −0,34 a −0,04, I2 = 86,2%, P = 0,011), respectivamente. Los análisis de subgrupos mostraron que la diferencia en el tiempo de seguimiento y el tipo de población con ERC en los estudios puede explicar la controversia sobre el papel de las terapias para reducir el ácido úrico en la progresión de la ERC. El análisis de resultados de TFG y de creatinina por tipos de inhibidores de la XO no mostró diferencias entre el grupo control y el grupo tratado. Las terapias para reducir el ácido úrico se asociaron fuertemente con una disminución del ácido úrico sérico y de la relación proteína-creatinina urinaria y la relación albúmina-creatinina urinaria. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos sugieren que el tratamiento para reducir el ácido úrico puede retrasar el progreso de la ERC y reducir la excreción de proteínas y de albúmina. Sin embargo, se necesitan ensayos clínicos aleatorizados más grandes y con el poder estadístico adecuado con una población específica con ERC para confirmar estos hallazgos

Major components of metabolic syndrome and adiponectin levels : a cross-sectional study

Background: Adiponectin is a major regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis by its insulin sensitizer properties. Since decreased insulin sensitivity is linked to metabolic syndrome (MS), decreased adiponectin levels may be related to its development. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between adiponectin levels and MS. Methods: Firstly, we cross-sectionally examined subjects with or without MS submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (n = 172). A replication analysis was performed in subjects (n = 422) undergoing cardiac angiography at Hospital São Paulo. Subchronic inflammation (US-CRP), coagulation marker (fibrinogen), insulin sensitivity and resistance (Matsuda ISI and HOMA-IR) were estimated. Plasma total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin were measured. Results: Total and HMW adiponectin levels were lower in MS subjects (P < 0.05). Total adiponectin levels were lower in the presence of high waist circumference, low HDL-cholesterol and elevated triglyceride criteria in both samples and by elevated blood pressure and glucose criteria in Porto Alegre. HMW adiponectin levels were lower in the presence of low HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and glucose criteria. Total adiponectin levels were positively related with HDL-cholesterol and ISI Matsuda, negatively related with waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and US-CRP and not related with blood pressure. While adjusting for sex and age, increased adiponectin levels remained associated with a reduced prevalence ratio for MS in both cohorts (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Adiponectin levels decreased with increasing number of MS criteria, and it is in part determined by its relationship with HDL, triglycerides and abdominal adiposity

ESCORE MMCD PARA PREDIÇÃO DE TERAPIA RENAL SUBSTITUTIVA E MORTALIDADE INTRA-HOSPITALAR EM PACIENTES HOSPITALIZADOS COM COVID-19 DE 2020 A 2022

Introdução: A lesão renal aguda (LRA) com necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) em suas formas mais graves é uma complicação importante de pacientes com covid-19. O desenvolvimento de um escore de risco para predizer a necessidade de TRS pode ser muito útil, para melhor alocação de recursos de saúde. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um escore para predição de necessidade de TRS, em pacientes hospitalizados com covid-19, entre 2020 e 2022. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva multicêntrica de pacientes consecutivos internados por covid-19, confirmada laboratorialmente, em 40 hospitais brasileiros, entre março de 2020 e julho de 2022. Foram excluídos do estudo pacientes menores de 18 anos, grávidas, em cuidados paliativos ou terapia dialítica à admissão. A seleção de variáveis preditoras foi realizada utilizando modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM). Enquanto, a regressão do operador de seleção e contração mínima absoluta (LASSO) foi usada para derivação de pontuação. O escore foi desenvolvido no período de março a julho de 2020, com validação temporal e geográfica de julho a setembro de 2020 e nova validação temporal no período de março de 2021 a julho de 2022. O desempenho do MMCD foi avaliado pela área sob a curva da característica de operação do receptor (AUROC, com intervalo de confiança de 95%), análise gráfica com teste de intercepto e inclinação e escore de Brier. Resultados: Foram incluídos 3.680 pacientes na amostra de desenvolvimento, 1.532 na validação temporal 2020, 1.378 na validação geográfica e 9.473 na validação temporal 2021-2022. Quatro preditores da necessidade de TRS foram identificados: ventilação mecânica a qualquer momento da internação, sexo masculino, creatinina à admissão e diabetes mellitus. O escore nomeado como MMCD apresentou excelente discriminação, calibração e desempenho geral nas coortes de derivação e validações (desenvolvimento: AUROC: 0.929; IC95%: 0.918–0.939, escore de Brier: 0.057; validação temporal 2020: AUROC 0.927, IC95% 0.911–0.941, escore de Brier 0.056; validação geográfica 2020: AUROC: 0.819, IC95% 0.792–0.845, escore de Brier 0.122; validação temporal 2021/2022: AUROC 0.916, IC95% 0.909-0.924, escore de Brier 0.057). Conclusão: O MMCD apresentou excelente capacidade preditiva para TRS nas diferentes fases da pandemia, o que pode contribuir para subsidiar decisões mais assertivas na alocação de recursos assistenciais

Development and validation of the MMCD score to predict kidney replacement therapy in COVID-19 patients

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently associated with COVID-19, and the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is considered an indicator of disease severity. This study aimed to develop a prognostic score for predicting the need for KRT in hospitalised COVID-19 patients, and to assess the incidence of AKI and KRT requirement. Methods This study is part of a multicentre cohort, the Brazilian COVID-19 Registry. A total of 5212 adult COVID-19 patients were included between March/2020 and September/2020. Variable selection was performed using generalised additive models (GAM), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used for score derivation. Accuracy was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Results The median age of the model-derivation cohort was 59 (IQR 47–70) years, 54.5% were men, 34.3% required ICU admission, 20.9% evolved with AKI, 9.3% required KRT, and 15.1% died during hospitalisation. The temporal validation cohort had similar age, sex, ICU admission, AKI, required KRT distribution and in-hospital mortality. The geographic validation cohort had similar age and sex; however, this cohort had higher rates of ICU admission, AKI, need for KRT and in-hospital mortality. Four predictors of the need for KRT were identified using GAM: need for mechanical ventilation, male sex, higher creatinine at hospital presentation and diabetes. The MMCD score had excellent discrimination in derivation (AUROC 0.929, 95% CI 0.918–0.939) and validation (temporal AUROC 0.927, 95% CI 0.911–0.941; geographic AUROC 0.819, 95% CI 0.792–0.845) cohorts and good overall performance (Brier score: 0.057, 0.056 and 0.122, respectively). The score is implemented in a freely available online risk calculator ( https://www.mmcdscore.com/ ). Conclusions The use of the MMCD score to predict the need for KRT may assist healthcare workers in identifying hospitalised COVID-19 patients who may require more intensive monitoring, and can be useful for resource allocation