FCC Regulation: Indecency by Interest Groups

FCC regulations are among the most controversial administrative law regulations because of their impact on broadcast television. This iBrief analyzes the history of FCC regulation and highlights the problems associated with the current model. Applying theories of economics, this iBrief proposes solutions to the current problems of selective enforcement and vagueness in enforcement. While the Supreme Court recognized that FCC regulation is necessary, it is also necessary for there to be a clearer model for how the agency should be run

Acoustic performance in a lightweight ventilated façade for building refurbishment: analysing the impact of variations in airborne sound insulation according to the ventilation characteristics

The use of double-sheet enclosures with an intermediate air chamber in façades guarantees a higher quality of acoustic insulation against external airborne noise. The effective advantages of the intermediate air chamber depend mainly on its airtightness and the absorbent material contained inside. A ventilated façade with lightweight cladding (LVF) is a specific construction system for double-sheet envelope façades, characterised by an intermediate air chamber that enables a certain amount of internal air circulation, with resulting cooling effects to alleviate excess solar radiation whilst reducing the risk of dampness caused by rainwater. However, owing to this ventilation of the intermediate air chamber, the acoustic insulation of the entire façade could prove less effective than cases in which the intermediate air chamber is completely sealed. Through various methods of measurement and analysis, several authors consider that the opening of the intermediate air chamber for hygrothermal control purposes does not necessarily represent a significant reduction in the level of sound insulation in general. What does appear to have a significant influence on the acoustic behaviour is the surface and location of the intermediate air chamber openings to enable ventilation. The results of this research are presented as further evidence that the positive contribution of LVF should be acknowledged at a regulatory level regarding sound insulating, double-sheet envelope architectural façades.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Restorative justice established in Law 906 of 2004 in the face of the end of criminal proceedings

Colombia has gone through a series of transformations in regards of justice administration all of them aimed at improving the access to the processes and their celerity. Regarding the criminal system, it was proposed to implement an accusatory system, which has given rise to new measures that have generated discussion. One of them, maybe the one that has been more debated in the academic field, is the principle of opportunity, which grants judges with a high level of discretion when it comes to the practice of criminal law. This paper analyzes if restorative justice, established by Law 906 of 2004, achieves to settle the social conflict generated by crime, as was proposed by the criminal process of the social and democratic Rule of Law. For that purpose this paper turned to a documental study and to the finalistic theory of law.En Colombia se ha presentado una serie de transformaciones en la administración de Justicia, todas ellas tendientes a mejorar temas de acceso y celeridad del proceso. En el caso del sistema penal, se propuso implementar el sistema penal acusatorio, que ha traído algunas nuevas medidas que han generado discusión. Una de ellas, quizá la más debatida, en el ámbito académico, ha sido la del principio de oportunidad, que le da al juez al alto grado de discrecionalidad a la hora de ejercer la acción penal. En este artículo se analiza si la justicia restaurativa establecida en la Ley 906 de 2004 cumple con el fin propuesto por el proceso penal del Estado social y democrático de Derecho de solucionar el conflicto social que genera el delito. Para ello se recurrió al estudio documental y a la teoría finalista del Derecho

International colombian front state obligations regarding the forced displacement of populations

This article discusses the international obligations of the State of Colombia within the framework of the Inter-American system of human rights, regarding forced displacement of populations. Such obligations are synthesized in the duties of respect and guarantee, in the positive obligations of regulatory adequacy and research, and in negative international obligations. For this purpose, the article will analyze the period from 1945 until 2013.En este artículo se analizan las obligaciones internacionales del Estado colombiano en relación con el desplazamiento forzado de poblaciones, en el marco del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. Tales obligaciones se sintetizan en los deberes de respeto y de garantía, en las obligaciones positivas de adecuación normativa y de investigación y en las obligaciones internacionales negativas. Para el efecto, se revisará el período comprendido entre 1945 y 2013

Gender Earnings Gaps in the World

This paper documents gender disparities in labor earnings for sixty-four countries around the world. Disparities are partially attributed to gender differences in observable socio-demographic and job characteristics. These characteristics are used to match males and females such that gender earnings disparities are computed only among individuals with the same characteristics, as in Ñopo (2008). After comparing males and females with the same characteristics we found that the earnings gap falls within a range between 8% and 48% of average females' earnings, being more pronounced in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The unexplained earnings gaps are more pronounced among part-time workers and those with low education.gender, wage gaps, matching