Past, Present and Future Developments in New Zealand’s Terms of Trade

This paper looks at the importance of the terms of trade for the New Zealand economy by examining the impact of changes in the trend and volatility of the terms of trade on economic growth. It is found that the volatility in the terms of trade has had a negative impact on New Zealand’s economic growth between 1950 and 2005. However, it is found that rather than the level of the terms of trade having an impact on growth, it is the level of export prices that have had a significant positive effect with the level of import prices having an insignificant impact. This paper also examines the historical patterns in the trend and volatility to see if and why they have changed over time. As New Zealand is largely an exporter of primary commodities and importer of manufactures, the Prebisch- Singer hypothesis suggests that its terms of trade should have declined over time. However, this paper finds that the terms of trade has not declined and in fact, is showing an increasing trend since 1974. It is also found that the volatility in the terms of trade has declined over time. Using this evidence as well as other issues such as world trade reform and China, this paper draws conclusions as to future movements of New Zealand’s terms of trade as well as any possible economic growth implications.Terms of trade; Commodity Prices; New Zealand; Economic Growth; Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis

\u3ci\u3eArchilestes Grandis\u3c/i\u3e in Wisconsin (Odonata: Lestidae)

(excerpt) Archilestes grandis (Rambur) is the largest damselfly that occurs in America north of Mexico. Its distribution in the United States was reported by Muttkowski (1910) as Lower Sonoran, Washington to Baja California, and Texas

Notes on Shifting Distribution Patterns and Survival of Immature \u3ci\u3eDanaus Plexippus\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) on the Food Plant \u3ci\u3eAsclepias Syriaca\u3c/i\u3e

Abundance and distribution of immature stages of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, on the food plant Asclepias syriaca were examined at a site in southeastern Wisconsin over one growing season. Estimated mortality for eggs and larvae was substantial (88%). Dispersal of larvae between individual food plants, along with egg and larval mortality factors, may result in low population density. Although the mechanism triggering larval dispersal is unknown, several alternative hypotheses are proposed for further examination

A preliminary list of butterflies and skippers from the UWM Field Station

This preliminary list is a result of opportunistic collecting by staff members of the Milwaukee Public Museum\u27s Invertebrate Zoology Section at the UWM Cedar-Sauk Field Station during the past nine years. A total of 55 butterfly (Papilionoidea) and skipper (Hesperioidea) species have been collected in various habitats at the Field Station with one additional species, Lycaena epixanthe found in the Sapa-Black Spruce Bog. More intensive collecting should turn up additional species since the Field Station lies within the geographic ranges of over 90 butterflies and skippers according to recent distribution maps (Opler and Krizek, 1984; and Scott, 1986). Of course, specific habitat requirements and other factors will exclude some of these species from occurring at the site

\u3ci\u3eArchilestes Grandis\u3c/i\u3e in Wisconsin (Odonata: Lestidae)

(excerpt) Archilestes grandis (Rambur) is the largest damselfly that occurs in America north of Mexico. Its distribution in the United States was reported by Muttkowski (1910) as Lower Sonoran, Washington to Baja California, and Texas

Antithetic Conjuncts in Written English

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68390/2/10.1177_003368827901000204.pd