Nematode movement along a chemical gradient in a structurally heterogeneous environment : 2. Theory

L'influence de l'hétérogénéité sur la diffusion chimique et le déplacement des nématodes est étudiée par le biais d'un modèle théorique. Ce modèle prend en compte trois facteurs influant sur le déplacement des nématodes : la structure du sol, la stratégie de recherche de nourriture et la chémotaxie. Utilisant un modèle continu, nous avons mis au point un système discret permettant de simuler les traces des nématodes dans chacune des quatre situations définies par Anderson et al. (1997). Nous avons montré que l'hétérogénéité structurale provoque aussi bien des taux variables de concentrations du composé attractif dans des aires réduites que la reconnaissance de ce composé. L'hétérogénéité structurale du sol limite également la stratégie de recherche de nourriture du nématode lequel adopte alors une stratégie permettant d'éviter les pièges structuraux. Il est démontré que des augmentations localisées de la densité structurale accroissent significativement la reconnaissance du composé attractif. (Résumé d'auteur

Nematode movement along a chemical gradient in a structurally heterogeneous environment : 1 . Experiment

L'interaction entre l'hétérogénéité structurale et les gradients chimiques, ainsi que leur influence sur le déplacement des nématodes, ont été étudiées. Trois dispositifs expérimentaux ont été utilisés qui comprennent un nématode (#Caenorhabditis elegans) placé sur une couche homogène de milieu nutritif gélosé dans une boîte de Petri avec ou sans présence d'une source bactérienne de nourriture (#Escherichia coli) utilisée comme attractif. L'hétérogénéité structurale est réalisée en ajoutant des grains de sable en une seule épaisseur dans chacun des traitements homologues. Toutes les traces ont été relevées à l'aide d'un dispositif de vidéo à séquences temporelles et les données digitalisées avant analyse. Les répartitions des angles de changement de direction et les dimensions fractales des traces sont calculées pour chaque traitement. Il se révèle un effet statistiquement significatif (P inférieur ou égal à 0,01) de tous les traitements sur le déplacement des nématodes. En présence d'un produit attractif, le déplacement du nématode est plus linéaire et dirigé vers la source bactérienne. L'hétérogénéité structurale provoque un déplacement plus linéaire que dans le cas d'un milieu homogène. La dimension fractale des traces du nématode est significativement (P inférieur ou égal à 0,01) plus élevée pour les traitements sans sable ni bactéries que pour les autres traitements. Ces résultats permettent, pour la première fois, de quantifier le degré auquel les nématodes utilisent un comportement de recherche de nourriture au hasard dans un milieu homogène et adoptent un déplacement mieux orienté en présence d'un produit attractif. Finalement, lorsqu'une hétérogénéité est présente, la stratégie de recherche de nourriture devient plutôt une stratégie d'évitement permettant au nématode d'échapper aux "pièges" structuraux, tels les pores en cul-de-sac, et de pouvoir ainsi continuer à réagir à l'attraction. (Résumé d'auteur

Knaster's problem for (Z2)k(Z_2)^k-symmetric subsets of the sphere S2k−1S^{2^k-1}

We prove a Knaster-type result for orbits of the group $(Z_2)^k$ in $S^{2^k-1}$, calculating the Euler class obstruction. Among the consequences are: a result about inscribing skew crosspolytopes in hypersurfaces in $\mathbb R^{2^k}$, and a result about equipartition of a measures in $\mathbb R^{2^k}$ by $(Z_2)^{k+1}$-symmetric convex fans

A Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect, and its Connection to Parametric Oscillators and Gravitational Radiation

A thought experiment is proposed to demonstrate the existence of a gravitational, vector Aharonov-Bohm effect. A connection is made between the gravitational, vector Aharonov-Bohm effect and the principle of local gauge invariance for nonrelativistic quantum matter interacting with weak gravitational fields. The compensating vector fields that are necessitated by this local gauge principle are shown to be incorporated by the DeWitt minimal coupling rule. The nonrelativistic Hamiltonian for weak, time-independent fields interacting with quantum matter is then extended to time-dependent fields, and applied to problem of the interaction of radiation with macroscopically coherent quantum systems, including the problem of gravitational radiation interacting with superconductors. But first we examine the interaction of EM radiation with superconductors in a parametric oscillator consisting of a superconducting wire placed at the center of a high Q superconducting cavity driven by pump microwaves. We find that the threshold for parametric oscillation for EM microwave generation is much lower for the separated configuration than the unseparated one, which then leads to an observable dynamical Casimir effect. We speculate that a separated parametric oscillator for generating coherent GR microwaves could also be built.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures, YA80 conference (Chapman University, 2012

GUTs and Exceptional Branes in F-theory - I

Motivated by potential phenomenological applications, we develop the necessary tools for building GUT models in F-theory. This approach is quite flexible because the local geometrical properties of singularities in F-theory compactifications encode the physical content of the theory. In particular, we show how geometry determines the gauge group, matter content and Yukawa couplings of a given model. It turns out that these features are beautifully captured by a four-dimensional topologically twisted N=4 theory which has been coupled to a surface defect theory on which chiral matter can propagate. From the vantagepoint of the four-dimensional topological theory, these defects are surface operators. Specific intersection points of these defects lead to Yukawa couplings. We also find that the unfolding of the singularity in the F-theory geometry precisely matches to properties of the topological theory with a defect.Comment: v2: 121 pages, 5 figures, reference and clarification adde

On Aharonov-Casher bound states

In this work bound states for the Aharonov-Casher problem are considered. According to Hagen's work on the exact equivalence between spin-1/2 Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects, is known that the $\boldsymbol{\nabla}\cdot\mathbf{E}$ term cannot be neglected in the Hamiltonian if the spin of particle is considered. This term leads to the existence of a singular potential at the origin. By modeling the problem by boundary conditions at the origin which arises by the self-adjoint extension of the Hamiltonian, we derive for the first time an expression for the bound state energy of the Aharonov-Casher problem. As an application, we consider the Aharonov-Casher plus a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator. We derive the expression for the harmonic oscillator energies and compare it with the expression obtained in the case without singularity. At the end, an approach for determination of the self-adjoint extension parameter is given. In our approach, the parameter is obtained essentially in terms of physics of the problem.Comment: 11 pages, matches published versio

Selective quantum evolution of a qubit state due to continuous measurement

We consider a two-level quantum system (qubit) which is continuously measured by a detector. The information provided by the detector is taken into account to describe the evolution during a particular realization of measurement process. We discuss the Bayesian formalism for such ``selective'' evolution of an individual qubit and apply it to several solid-state setups. In particular, we show how to suppress the qubit decoherence using continuous measurement and the feedback loop.Comment: 15 pages (including 9 figures

D-brane Deconstructions in IIB Orientifolds

With model building applications in mind, we collect and develop basic techniques to analyze the landscape of D7-branes in type IIB compact Calabi-Yau orientifolds, in three different pictures: F-theory, the D7 worldvolume theory and D9-anti-D9 tachyon condensation. A significant complication is that consistent D7-branes in the presence of O7^- planes are generically singular, with singularities locally modeled by the Whitney Umbrella. This invalidates the standard formulae for charges, moduli space and flux lattice dimensions. We infer the correct formulae by comparison to F-theory and derive them independently and more generally from the tachyon picture, and relate these numbers to the closed string massless spectrum of the orientifold compactification in an interesting way. We furthermore give concrete recipes to explicitly and systematically construct nontrivial D-brane worldvolume flux vacua in arbitrary Calabi-Yau orientifolds, illustrate how to read off D-brane flux content, enhanced gauge groups and charged matter spectra from tachyon matrices, and demonstrate how brane recombination in general leads to flux creation, as required by charge conservation and by equivalence of geometric and gauge theory moduli spaces.Comment: 49 pages, v2: two references adde

Search for displaced vertices arising from decays of new heavy particles in 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

We present the results of a search for new, heavy particles that decay at a significant distance from their production point into a final state containing charged hadrons in association with a high-momentum muon. The search is conducted in a pp-collision data sample with a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 33 pb^-1 collected in 2010 by the ATLAS detector operating at the Large Hadron Collider. Production of such particles is expected in various scenarios of physics beyond the standard model. We observe no signal and place limits on the production cross-section of supersymmetric particles in an R-parity-violating scenario as a function of the neutralino lifetime. Limits are presented for different squark and neutralino masses, enabling extension of the limits to a variety of other models.Comment: 8 pages plus author list (20 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version to appear in Physics Letters

Measurement of the polarisation of W bosons produced with large transverse momentum in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

This paper describes an analysis of the angular distribution of W->enu and W->munu decays, using data from pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2010, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 35 pb^-1. Using the decay lepton transverse momentum and the missing transverse energy, the W decay angular distribution projected onto the transverse plane is obtained and analysed in terms of helicity fractions f0, fL and fR over two ranges of W transverse momentum (ptw): 35 < ptw < 50 GeV and ptw > 50 GeV. Good agreement is found with theoretical predictions. For ptw > 50 GeV, the values of f0 and fL-fR, averaged over charge and lepton flavour, are measured to be : f0 = 0.127 +/- 0.030 +/- 0.108 and fL-fR = 0.252 +/- 0.017 +/- 0.030, where the first uncertainties are statistical, and the second include all systematic effects.Comment: 19 pages plus author list (34 pages total), 9 figures, 11 tables, revised author list, matches European Journal of Physics C versio