As representações sociais no campo educativo

Com exceção de alguns trabalhos como aqueles de MOLLO (1970, 1986) ou SIANO, (1985), há ainda poucas pesquisas no domínio educativo onde as representações sociais ocupam um lugar central. Para explicar resultados obtidos sobre os fatos que não têm estatuto de representação social, os autores ou bem estudam certos aspectos certas manifestações, ou abordam apenas fatores ou determinantes subjacentes (com estatuto de variável intermediária). Assinalaremos então primeiramente a importância de recorrer a noção de representação social no campo que nos interessa. Extrairemos em seguida, alguns resultados empíricos dos estudos realizados que nos situam sucessivamente do ponto de vista das relações entre representações sociais e discursos sobre as instituições, representações sociais e relação pedagógica, representações sociais e significações das situações e aquisições. Social representation in the educative field Abstract MOLLO (1970, 1986) or SIANO (1985), in which social representation are focused. Or the authors talk aboutsome aspects or manifestations, or they just treat about some factors or subjacentdeterminers (with a statute of intermediary variation) to explain obtained results that do not have statute of social representation. Right in the beginning of this article we will show up the importance of social representation in the field that we are interested. Hereafter we will extract some empiric results from other researches that situate us successively in the point of view of the relations among social representations and pedagogic relations, social representations, meaning of situations and aquisition

Education, construction de connaissances et développement cognitif: Remarques introductives

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Raciocínio condicional : Silogismos e tarefa de selecção

Nas duas experiências apresentadas pretende-se testar hipóteses com base em duas teorias: a teoria dos modelos mentais (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991); e a teoria dos esquemas pragmáticos de raciocínio (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, 1989). No domínio do raciocínio condicional foram utilizados dois tipos de tarefa: silogismos condicionais (inferência Modus Ponens e Modus Tollens) e a tarefa de selecção de cartões (Wason, 1966). As frases condicionais que presidem a estas duas tarefas são as mesmas, sendo em ambos os casos apresentadas como regras. Foi manipulado o tipo de condicional (Deôntica ou Neutra), bem como o seu conteúdo (Familiar, Plausível ou Arbitrário), em amostras de sujeitos de diferentes idades (8 anos, 11 anos, 14 anos e ≥ 18 anos). A maior parte dos resultados encontrados pode ser explicado no âmbito da teoria dos modelos mentais, e não corrobora as previsões da teoria dos esquemas pragmáticos de raciocínio. É ainda salientado, na tarefa com silogismos, a utilidade de usar outras formas de classificar as respostas, diferente da habitual dualidade entre respostas Correctas e Não Correctas.ABSTRACT: Two experiments were developed with the purpose of test hypotheses based on two theories: the mental models theory (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991); and the pragmatic reasoning schemas theory (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, 1989). Two types of tasks were used in the domain of conditional reasoning: conditional syllogisms (Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens inference) and the cards selection task (Wason, 1966). The conditional sentences that preside over these two tasks are the same and, in both cases, they are presented as rules. The type of conditional (Deontic or Neutral) as well as its content (Familiar, Plausible or Arbitrary) were manipulated, in samples of subjects of different ages (8 years old, 11 years old, 14 years old and ≥ 18 years old). The majority of the obtained results may be explained in the scope of the mental models theory and does not corroborate the predictions of the pragmatic reasoning schemas theory. In the syllogisms task, the usefulness of using other forms of answers` classification, forms that are different from the usual dualism between Correct and Non-Correct answers, is also stressed

La catastrophe hydrogéologique du 03 octobre 1988 à Nîmes et dans sa région.

Mémoire HS n° 15 - Géologie Alpine Risques naturels dans le Sud-est de la France - Colloque Association des Géologues du Sud-est - Avignon, 19 et 20 octobre 1989Le 3 octobre 1988, la ville de Nimes était victime d'inondations catastrophiques. Après une présentation rapide du site de la ville mettant en évidence ses dangers potentiels au plan hydrogéologique, sont également résumées les principales caractéristiques des phénomènes hydrogéologiques du 3 octobre 1988 en matière de précipitations et de ruissellement. Une analyse statistique du caractère exceptionnel du phénomène, conduite par trois approches différentes, permet de conclure que les risques d'inondations sérieuses de la ville sont relativement importants et qu'ils ont été aggravés par le développement de l'urbanisation

Clinicians' adherence versus non adherence to practice guidelines in the management of patients with sarcoma: a cost-effectiveness assessment in two European regions

International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although the management of sarcoma is improving, non adherence to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) remains high, mainly because of the low incidence of the disease and the variety of histological subtypes. Since little is known about the health economics of sarcoma, we undertook a cost-effectiveness analysis (within the CONnective TIssue CAncer NETwork, CONTICANET) comparing costs and outcomes when clinicians adhered to CPGs and when they did not. METHODS: Patients studied had a histological diagnosis of sarcoma, were older than 15 years, and had been treated in the Rhone-Alpes region of France (in 2005/2006) or in the Veneto region of Italy (in 2007). Data collected retrospectively for the three years after diagnosis were used to determine relapse free survival and health costs (adopting the hospital's perspective and a microcosting approach). All costs were expressed in euros at their 2009 value. A 4% annual discount rate was applied to both costs and effects. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was expressed as cost per relapse-free year gained when management was compliant with CPGs compared with when it was not. To capture uncertainty surrounding ICER, a probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed based on a non-parametric bootstrap method. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients were included in the study. Compliance with CPGs was observed for 118 patients (54%). Average total costs reached 23,571 euros when treatment was in accordance with CPGs and 27,313 euros when it was not. In relation to relapse-free survival, compliance with CPGs strictly dominates non compliance, i.e. it is both less costly and more effective. Taking uncertainty into account, the probability that compliance with CPGs still strictly dominates was 75%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings should encourage physicians to increase their compliance with CPGs and healthcare administrators to invest in the implementation of CPGs in the management of sarcoma

ECCO essential requirements for quality cancer care : Melanoma

Background ECCO essential requirements for quality cancer care (ERQCC) are explanations and descriptions of challenges, organisation and actions that are necessary to give high-quality care to patients who have a specific type of cancer. They are written by European experts representing all disciplines involved in cancer care. ERQCC papers give oncology teams, patients, policymakers and managers an overview of the elements needed in any healthcare system to provide high quality of care throughout the patient journey. References are made to clinical guidelines and other resources where appropriate, and the focus is on care in Europe. Melanoma: essential requirements for quality care: Melanoma, the most-deadly skin cancer, is rising in incidence among fair-skinned people in Europe. Increasing complexity of care for advanced disease in clinical areas such as staging and new therapies requires attention to a number of challenges and inequalities in a diverse patient group. Care for advanced melanoma must only be carried out in, or in collaboration with, specialist melanoma centres which have both a core multidisciplinary team and an extended team of allied professionals, and which are subject to quality and audit procedures. Access to such units is far from universal in all European countries. It is essential that, to meet European aspirations for high-quality comprehensive cancer control, healthcare organisations implement the requirements in this paper, paying particular attention to multidisciplinarity and patient-centred pathways from diagnosis to treatment and follow-up, to improve survival and quality of life for patients. Conclusion: Taken together, the information presented in this paper provides a comprehensive description of the essential requirements for establishing a high-quality service for melanoma. The ERQCC expert group is aware that it is not possible to propose a 'one size fits all' system for all countries, but urges that access to multidisciplinary teams and specialised treatments is guaranteed to all patients with melanoma.Peer reviewe

Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

Huteau (Michel). — Les conceptions cognitives de la personnalité

Gilly M. Huteau (Michel). — Les conceptions cognitives de la personnalité. In: Revue française de pédagogie, volume 79, 1987. pp. 84-86

Psychologie sociale des constructions cognitives : perspectives européennes

Gilly Michel. Psychologie sociale des constructions cognitives : perspectives européennes. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 46 n°412, 1993. Cognition Education Langage. En hommage à Jacques Wittwer. pp. 671-683