« Nous sommes tous nihilistes » : l’engagement politique chez Mishima et la nouvelle gauche estudiantine

Plusieurs intellectuels, tels que Suga Hidemi ou Oguma Eiji, ont souligné les similitudes entre le rapport de l’écrivain Mishima Yukio (1925-1970) à la politique et l’activisme des radicaux de la nouvelle gauche de la fin des années 1960. Pour l’un comme pour les autres, l’engagement semble procéder d’une forme de désenchantement et/ou de convictions nihilistes. Nous nous proposons, dans cet article, de revenir sur ces liens en tentant de comprendre à la fois les limites et l’intérêt heuristique de ces rapprochements. Si la comparaison entre Mishima et les jeunes étudiants de la nouvelle gauche implique quelques raccourcis, elle permet néanmoins de mieux cerner un type d’activisme dont les motivations sont d’ordre existentiel et d’en distinguer les variantes. À cette fin nous avons élargi la comparaison à d’autres écrivains, en évoquant notamment Ōe Kenzaburō (né en 1935) et Takahashi Kazumi (1931-1971).小熊英二や絓秀実などは、三島由紀夫と新左翼との政治的・思想的な共通点を指摘している。確かに、三島の1960年代末の学生運動へのコミットメントは、絶望やニヒリズムと関わっていると思われる。本稿では、三島と新左翼運動の比較を省みて、その比較自体の質を検討しその欠陥について考察する。一人の作家と集団運動を比べる過程では、必ず細部を見損ない、ことにその集団の多義性を見落としがちである。だが、三島と新左翼の精神・思想の比較では、両者の実存主義的なコミットメントをより詳しく析出でき、その差異も明確にすることができる。共通点だけではなく、実存主義的なコミットメントの相違をも明らかにするために、三島由紀夫に限らず、大江健三郎や高橋和巳にも言及することにした。Several intellectuals, such as Suga Hidemi and Oguma Eiji, have emphasized the similarities between Mishima’s conception of politics and the radical activism of the New Left in the late 1960s. For both the novelist and the young revolutionary group, political activism seems to have been motivated by a form of disillusionment and/or nihilism. The purpose of this article is to reconsider the parallel drawn between Mishima and the New left by highlighting its limits and virtues. Although comparing one writer with a collective movement certainly implies analytical shortcuts, I argue that this parallel also provides a better understanding of the motivations of their radicalism and brings to light various existential approaches to political activism. To this end, the comparison has been extended to other writers such as Ōe Kenzaburō (1935-) and Takahashi Kazumi (1931-1971)

Topoï de la mort violente et corps psychotique dans Yūkoku de Mishima Yukio

La nouvelle Yūkoku (Patriotisme, 1961) décrit le suicide rituel (seppuku) du lieutenant Takeyama Shinji et de son épouse Reiko lors de la tentative de putsch ultranationaliste du 26 février 1936. L’arrière-plan idéologique de la nouvelle, l’évidente pulsion de mort qui anime les personnages et la place prépondérante accordée à la description de l’éventrement ont amené la plupart des commentateurs à interpréter ce texte sous un angle biographique et/ou thématique. Mishima ne se contente toutefois pas, dans Yūkoku, de broder sur ses propres fantasmes et de jouer de façon littéraire avec ses fétiches politiques. À travers le motif de la mort volontaire, il retravaille aussi des figures très présentes dans la littérature nationale. L’objet de cette étude sera de montrer quels sont les topoï présents dans Yūkoku et de voir comment ils s’articulent les uns aux autres. Nous proposerons, à l’issue de cette analyse, une relecture de la nouvelle à travers la grille interprétative du corps psychotique qui offre un dénominateur commun à ces représentations hétéroclites.The novella Yūkoku (Patriotism, 1961) recounts Lieutenant Takeyama Shinji’s and his wife’s ritual suicide (seppuku) following the ultranationalist attempted Coup of February 26, 1936. The text’s ideological background, the character’s obvious death wish, and the long and detailed depiction of the lieutenant’s disembowelment have led most commentators to focus on the novella’s thematic and/or biographical aspects. Yet in Yūkoku, Mishima does not merely elaborate on his own fantasies and political fetishes; Mishima uses the theme of voluntary and violent death, as a ways to toy with Japanese literary topoi. The purpose of this article is to list some of these literary motifs and to show how Mishima combines them. By focusing on the representation of the psychotic body, in the last part of my analysis, I offer a new interpretative framework which links the heterogeneous representations present in the novella

How historical information can improve estimation and prediction of extreme coastal water levels: application to the Xynthia event at La Rochelle (France)

International audienceThe knowledge of extreme coastal water levels is useful for coastal flooding studies or the design of coastal defences. While deriving such extremes with standard analyses using tide-gauge measurements, one often needs to deal with limited effective duration of observation which can result in large statistical uncertainties. This is even truer when one faces the issue of outliers, those particularly extreme values distant from the others which increase the uncertainty on the results. In this study, we investigate how historical information , even partial, of past events reported in archives can reduce statistical uncertainties and relativise such outlying observations. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method is developed to tackle this issue. We apply this method to the site of La Rochelle (France), where the storm Xynthia in 2010 generated a water level considered so far as an outlier. Based on 30 years of tide-gauge measurements and 8 historical events, the analysis shows that (1) integrating historical information in the analysis greatly reduces statistical uncertainties on return levels (2) Xynthia's water level no longer appears as an outlier, (3) we could have reasonably predicted the annual exceedance probability of that level beforehand (predictive probability for 2010 based on data until the end of 2009 of the same order of magnitude as the standard es-timative probability using data until the end of 2010). Such results illustrate the usefulness of historical information in extreme value analyses of coastal water levels, as well as the relevance of the proposed method to integrate heterogeneous data in such analyses

An AHP-derived method for mapping the physical vulnerability of coastal areas at regional scales

International audienceAssessing coastal vulnerability to climate change at regional scales is now mandatory in France since the adoption of recent laws to support adaptation to climate change. However, there is presently no commonly recognised method to assess accurately how sea level rise will modify coastal processes in the coming decades. Therefore, many assessments of the physical component of coastal vulnerability are presently based on a combined use of data (e.g. digital elevation models, historical shoreline and coastal geomorphology datasets), simple models and expert opinion. In this study, we assess the applicability and usefulness of a multi-criteria decision-mapping method (the analytical hierarchy process, AHP) to map physical coastal vulnerability to erosion and flooding in a structured way. We apply the method in two regions of France: the coastal zones of Languedoc-Roussillon (north-western Mediterranean, France) and the island of La Réunion (south-western Indian Ocean), notably using the regional geological maps. As expected, the results show not only the greater vulnerability of sand spits, estuaries and low-lying areas near to coastal lagoons in both regions, but also that of a thin strip of erodible cliffs exposed to waves in La Réunion. Despite gaps in knowledge and data, the method is found to provide a flexible and transportable framework to represent and aggregate existing knowledge and to support long-term coastal zone planning through the integration of such studies into existing adaptation schemes

Tacaribe Virus but Not Junin Virus Infection Induces Cytokine Release from Primary Human Monocytes and Macrophages

The mechanisms underlying the development of disease during arenavirus infection are poorly understood. However, common to all hemorrhagic fever diseases is the involvement of macrophages as primary target cells, suggesting that the immune response in these cells may be of paramount importance during infection. Thus, in order to identify features of the immune response that contribute to arenavirus pathogenesis, we have examined the growth kinetics and cytokine profiles of two closely related New World arenaviruses, the apathogenic Tacaribe virus (TCRV) and the hemorrhagic fever-causing Junin virus (JUNV), in primary human monocytes and macrophages. Both viruses grew robustly in VeroE6 cells; however, TCRV titres were decreased by approximately 10 fold compared to JUNV in both monocytes and macrophages. Infection of both monocytes and macrophages with TCRV also resulted in the release of high levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, while levels of IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-12 were not affected. However, we could show that the presence of these cytokines had no direct effect on growth of either TCRV of JUNV in macrophages. Further analysis also showed that while the production of IL-6 and IL-10 are dependent on viral replication, production of TNF-α also occurs after exposure to UV-inactivated TCRV particles and is thus independent of productive virus infection. Surprisingly, JUNV infection did not have an effect on any of the cytokines examined indicating that, in contrast to other viral hemorrhagic fever viruses, macrophage-derived cytokine production is unlikely to play an active role in contributing to the cytokine dysregulation observed in JUNV infected patients. Rather, these results suggest that an early, controlled immune response by infected macrophages may be critical for the successful control of infection of apathogenic viruses and prevention of subsequent disease, including systemic cytokine dysregulation

Attenuated and Protease-Profile Modified Sendai Virus Vectors as a New Tool for Virotherapy of Solid Tumors

Peer reviewe

Cuestiones epistemológicas y estudios de caso

En un país -Francia- donde el campo del teatro está estructurado culturalmente durante décadas, el Teatro Aplicado es una noción que a menudo aparece como ancillar, frente a un arte institucionali-zado, incluso mirificado. Por un lado, estaría el Teatro, puro, noble, auténtico y por otro, estarían sus avatares: el teatro de empresa, el teatro para el desarrollo personal, el teatro para patologías, etc. Si tienen la misma fuente, su consanguinidad no deja de asustar. ¿cómo pueden unos artistas que crean alejados de cualquier coacción exterior pertenecer a la misma familia del teatro que unos actores o directores que "obedecen" a un encargo, en un contexto específico, con un público muchas veces participantes de talleres ... y que son por tanto prisioneros, en cierto modo, de un arte instru-mental izado? A este problema ético, este libro intenta responder, a través de ejemplos concretos, para una mayor comprensión inrerculrural Francia/ Colombia.In a country -France- where the field of theater has been culturally structured for decades, Applied Theater is a notion that often appears as an ancillary, in the face of an institutionalized, even mirified, art. On the one hand, there would be the Theater, pure, noble, authentic and on the other, there would be its ups and downs: company theater, theater for personal development, theater for pathologies, etc. If they have the same source, their consanguinity does not stop frightening. How can some artists who create far from any external coercion belong to the same theater family as some actors or directors who "obey" a commission, in a specific context, with an audience that is often workshop participants... are they therefore prisoners, in a certain way, of an instrumented art? To this ethical problem, this book tries to respond, through concrete examples, for a greater intercultural understanding France/ Colombia.Bogot

The alterations of tonus and movements through the interplay between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum

This paper deals with the experimental production of involuntary movenients and abnormal tonus in macaques ( Macacu mulatta ) and their alterations in these animals and in children with cerebral palsy and other cerebral lesions. The first major subdivision of the paper has three parts. The first part describes the effects of lesions in the macaque cerebral hemispheres, ranging from a small destructive lesion in area 4 to an essentially complete bicortectomy. The case histories of a few patients document some of the results. The second part reports the effects of lesions in the macaque cerebellum ranging from small vermal injuries to complete cerebellectomies. The third part is concerned with successive lesions in the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres of macaques and with planned cerebellar lesions in a few children with grave hypertonicity and marked involuntary movements. This subdivision is illustrated with photographs of the monkeys and the children at various stages of the procedures, photographs of many monkey brains at postmortem, and some photomicrographs showing lesions. The second major subdivision has a discussion of the anatomic and the physiologic bases for the experimental results obtained and for the operations on the children. It correlates the material presented with data from the literature and is illustrated with photomicrographs of degenerated tracts and with diagrams. The paper stresses the balancing of cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar discharges in the regulation of tonus and in the stabilizing of movements. It discusses the possibility of producing more effective tonus by making carefully planned lesions in cerebellar areas of animals or of children with highly handicapping hypertonicity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49991/1/901270502_ftp.pd

International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes

Pain is a common problem among elite athletes and is frequently associated with sport injury. Both pain and injury interfere with the performance of elite athletes. There are currently no evidence-based or consensus-based guidelines for the management of pain in elite athletes. Typically, pain management consists of the provision of analgesics, rest and physical therapy. More appropriately, a treatment strategy should address all contributors to pain including underlying pathophysiology, biomechanical abnormalities and psychosocial issues, and should employ therapies providing optimal benefit and minimal harm. To advance the development of a more standardised, evidence-informed approach to pain management in elite athletes, an IOC Consensus Group critically evaluated the current state of the science and practice of pain management in sport and prepared recommendations for a more unified approach to this important topic