Electoral System Change, Generations, Competitiveness and Turnout in New Zealand, 1963–2005

publication-status: Publishedtypes: ArticleNew Zealand’s recent elections have been held under a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system, after nearly a century of single-member plurality (SMP) elections. This article addresses the effect on turnout in recent elections of electoral system change, generational differences, and national and district-level competitiveness. Both theory and cross-sectional empirical evidence indicate that turnout should be higher in New Zealand after the change to MMP. Yet, if anything, turnout has continued to decline. Most of this turnout decline, it turns out, is an effect of longer-term trends of declining competition and generational change, lag effects of which persist under MMP. MMP changed the main focus of electoral competition from the district to the national level, with consequent changes in the distribution of turnout. Electoral boundary changes also have effects

QAA subject benchmark statement architecture : version for consultation December 2019

The Statement is intended to guide lecturers and course leaders in the design of academic courses leading to qualifications in architecture, it will also be useful to those developing other related courses. Higher education providers may need to consider other reference points in addition to this Statement in designing, delivering and reviewing courses. These may include requirements set out by the Architects Registration Board (ARB), the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE). Providers may also need to consider industry or employer expectations. Individual higher education providers will decide how they use this information. The broad subject of architecture is both academic and vocational. The bachelor's award for architecture is the first stage of the typical education of an architect. This is typically either a BSc or a BA degree. The second stage of academic qualification is a master's level degree, typically in the form of a two-year MArch, which is defined as an undergraduate master's award. Architecture qualifications typically require a total of 360 (Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme, or CATS) credits at bachelor's level and 240 (CATS) credits within a master's level degree. While this may equate to five years of 120 (CATS) credits each, higher education providers may construct alternatives to enable flexibility in student learning. This Statement seeks to encapsulate the nature of a rich and diverse academic discipline. It is not intended to prescribe a curriculum, but rather describes the broad intellectual territory within which individual higher education providers will locate their courses of study in architecture

Alien Registration- Vowles, Mary (Milford, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/8044/thumbnail.jp

Order effects of fear and pain induction

Although pain responding and emotional states such as fear are highly correlated and appear to interact, the causal relations between these variables have yet to be fully defined. This study sought to further illuminate these relations by investigating how exposure to one of these states (i.e., pain or fear) affects responding to the other. The order in which participants experienced fearful or painful stimuli was manipulated, as well as fear level (i.e., low & high ). Measures of behavioral escape, heart rate, and verbal reports were obtained throughout four experimental trials, as well as rankings of aversiveness for all stimuli encountered. Results indicated a high degree of synchrony among rankings of aversiveness and the three response modalities, with the exception of verbal reports of pain. Specifically, high fear, which was found to be the most aversive and appeared to inhibit verbal reports of pain and elevate all other measures of distress, especially when high fear was encountered first. These findings indicate that the stimulus perceived to be the most aversive (i.e., high fear) accounted for the greatest variability in responding. This pattern was replicated for the two stimuli found to be less aversive (i.e., pain and low fear, respectively). In sum, fear and pain, in and of themselves, do not dictate the nature of their relation; the important factor is how aversive they are perceived to be in relation to one another

Aspects Of The English Working Class Viewed From The Working Men's Club

Working Men's Club were part of the Victorian reform ideology, An attempt, when Mechanics' Institutes failed to cope with, at worst a seriously threatening, at best an inconveniently fractious social group. Quickly taken over by the working class from the early patronage of their 'betters'; overturning the temperance based educative functions, the clubs became an important element in the working-class culture which arose in response to the poverty, subordination, degradation and indignity visited on the working class by industrial capitalism. This culture was, apart from the odd outburst, a passive culture. It was different from the surrounding bourgeoise culture having resisted attempts at its improvement by the middle classes, but it was by no means threatening. Working-class culture emphasised collectivism and solidarity, a sharing and co-operative coping with the uncertainties of capitalism. This was reflected in the Working Men's Club. These became the expression of solidaristic collectivism in the local community. Rooted in locality, clubs became the focus of much working-class leisure. Never seriously political, they avoided association with any political party and concentrated on pleasure. As the working class changed, in the context of the 'welfare state', higher wages and improved work conditions, so too did the clubs. Increasingly the working class abandoned the soliderism of former years and took to itself the individualistic values of the market place. Only that which was bought has value, people were to be judged by their possessions rather than on the basis of wider more human considerations. Working Men's Clubs aptly reflect these changes. No longer places for coping with the common predicament they have become stages for the display of the new values of consumption A true reflection of the market place

Pain-related acceptance and physical impairment in individuals with chronic pain

Treatments using acceptance-based approaches have been utilized for a variety of health care concerns with data regarding their application to a chronic pain population recently emerging. These approaches may be particularly suited to chronic pain as they target potentially harmful avoidance and ineffective pain control strategies. Acceptance of chronic pain is related to psychosocial constructs generally (e.g., depression, pain-related anxiety); however, its relation to the overt behavioral variables associated with such states remains unevaluated. The present investigation assessed the specific effects of an acceptance-based versus control-based instructional set on demonstrated physical impairment in 74 individuals with chronic low back pain. Participants completed a baseline evaluation of physical impairment and then listened to audiotaped instructions detailing one of three approaches (pain acceptance, pain control, and no change). They then repeated the physical impairment assessment and were asked to utilize the approach detailed in the audiotaped instructions to guide behavior during the tasks. Results indicated that, after controlling for baseline levels of physical impairment, individuals receiving the acceptance instructions were less physically impaired at the second assessment compared to the other two groups, which did not differ from one another. Further, individuals in the acceptance group exhibited a 16.3% improvement in impairment level, while the pain control group worsened by 8.3% and the no change group worsened by 2.5%; these changes were also statistically different from one another. Group membership was generally unrelated to pain reported during the physical impairment assessment, a finding theoretically consistent with acceptance models. These results lend further support to the value of acceptance in actual patient behavior, as well as the ability of a relatively simple acceptance-based intervention to improve functioning over the short term in a sample of individuals with chronic pain. Additionally, the findings highlight some of the possible risks in focusing solely on pain control and avoidance, as this method was associated with poorer physical performance compared with the acceptance group. Although the present study was analogue in nature, and thus its findings cannot be directly attributable to clinical realms, it does provide some initial support for these types of approaches within chronic pain

Reconciliation of methods of compensation for PSSs in multimachine systems

Copyright © 2004 IEEESeveral methods for the design of compensation for power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used in practice. The object of this paper is to reconcile the methods and explore their relative advantages and disadvantages. Three methods are investigated: the GEP and the P-Vr frequency response approaches, and the method of residues. It is shown the phase response of a modified GEP transfer function (TF) agrees closely with that of the P-Vr TF, thus providing the basis for the design of a robust PSS. Residues yield only a limited number of phase angles that can be used with confidence for design purposes and are consistent with the P-Vr phase response. The remaining residues for rotor modes are affected by variability of participation factor angles and interactions from other machines. Unlike other methods, the P-Vr approach yields magnitude and phase information that simplifies the synthesis of the PSS TF and yields a robust stabilizer.Michael J. Gibbard and David J. Vowle

Discussion of "The application of power system stabilizers to a multigenerator plant"

M.J. Gibbard et al. comment on the paper by G.J. Rogers (see ibid., vol.15, no.1, p.350-5, 2000). They discuss their application of a different design procedure to the author's four-machine infinite bus system. The original author replies to the comments.M. J. Gibbard and D. J. Vowles, G Roger

Tales of Two Referendums: Comparing Debate Quality between the UK and New Zealand Voting System Referendums of 2011

Two voting system referendums in the same year in two countries with institutional and cultural similarities provide an excellent opportunity for comparison, particularly given the significant differences in how those referendums were regulated and conducted. In New Zealand, a well-funded and balanced official information campaign led the debate; in Britain, the debate was dominated by campaign organisations. Based on content analysis of newspaper coverage of the campaigns, this paper explores how regulatory differences between these two cases shaped the quality of debate as reflected in media discourse. It finds that they made a difference, suggesting that positive interventions to promote better debate can work. It also concludes, however, that contextual factors are crucial too: interventions that work in one context will not necessarily work in another