Processing and analysis methods for transonic cavity flow

This paper focuses on the localisation of noise sources in transonic cavity flows. Beamforming is used to estimate the pressure fluctuations inside a resonant transonic cavity, showing the localisation of the main sources of noise using an acoustic array and also combining it with a mean flow-field. The influence of the microphone array position, density, and shape is investigated. The presented method models the noise propagation with simple assumptions that are easily applicable to wind tunnel testing and may help localise the noise sources from complex geometries without intrusive methods

Localization and function of the renal calcium-sensing receptor

The ability to monitor changes in the ionic composition of the extracellular environment is a crucial feature that has evolved in all living organisms. The cloning and characterization of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) from the mammalian parathyroid gland in the early 1990s provided the first description of a cellular, ion-sensing mechanism. This finding demonstrated how cells can detect small, physiological variations in free ionized calcium (Ca 2+) in the extracellular fluid and subsequently evoke an appropriate biological response by altering the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that acts on PTH receptors expressed in target tissues, including the kidney, intestine, and bone. Aberrant Ca 2+ sensing by the parathyroid glands, as a result of altered CaSR expression or function, is associated with impaired divalent cation homeostasis. CaSR activators that mimic the effects of Ca 2+ (calcimimetics) have been designed to treat hyperparathyroidism, and CaSR antagonists (calcilytics) are in development for the treatment of hypercalciuric disorders. The kidney expresses a CaSR that might directly contribute to the regulation of many aspects of renal function in a PTH-independent manner. This Review discusses the roles of the renal CaSR and the potential impact of pharmacological modulation of the CaSR on renal function

Effects of Immunization With the Soil-Derived Bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae on Stress Coping Behaviors and Cognitive Performance in a "Two Hit" Stressor Model

Previous studies demonstrate that Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 (M. vaccae), a soil-derived bacterium with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, is a potentially useful countermeasure against negative outcomes to stressors. Here we used male C57BL/6NCrl mice to determine if repeated immunization with M. vaccae is an effective countermeasure in a "two hit" stress exposure model of chronic disruption of rhythms (CDR) followed by acute social defeat (SD). On day -28, mice received implants of biotelemetric recording devices to monitor 24-h rhythms of locomotor activity. Mice were subsequently treated with a heat-killed preparation of M. vaccae (0.1 mg, administered subcutaneously on days -21, -14, -7, and 27) or borate-buffered saline vehicle. Mice were then exposed to 8 consecutive weeks of either stable normal 12:12 h light:dark (LD) conditions or CDR, consisting of 12-h reversals of the LD cycle every 7 days (days 0-56). Finally, mice were exposed to either a 10-min SD or a home cage control condition on day 54. All mice were exposed to object location memory testing 24 h following SD. The gut microbiome and metabolome were assessed in fecal samples collected on days -1, 48, and 62 using 16S rRNA gene sequence and LC-MS/MS spectral data, respectively; the plasma metabolome was additionally measured on day 64. Among mice exposed to normal LD conditions, immunization with M. vaccae induced a shift toward a more proactive behavioral coping response to SD as measured by increases in scouting and avoiding an approaching male CD-1 aggressor, and decreases in submissive upright defensive postures. In the object location memory test, exposure to SD increased cognitive function in CDR mice previously immunized with M. vaccae. Immunization with M. vaccae stabilized the gut microbiome, attenuating CDR-induced reductions in alpha diversity and decreasing within-group measures of beta diversity. Immunization with M. vaccae also increased the relative abundance of 1-heptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a lysophospholipid, in plasma. Together, these data support the hypothesis that immunization with M. vaccae stabilizes the gut microbiome, induces a shift toward a more proactive response to stress exposure, and promotes stress resilience. &nbsp;</p

The Prediction of Vortex Interactions on a Generic Missile Configuration Using CFD: Current Status of Activity in NATO AVT-316

This paper provides a brief overview of the activities undertaken by the Missile Facet of NATO STO AVT 316 (Vortex Interaction Effects Relevant to Military Air Vehicle Performance) since its first meeting in April 2018. Rather than setting out to provide definitive technical statements, a broader, more narrative approach is taken towards summarising some of the key developments that have occurred during the early stages of the facet’s existence. To date, work has focussed on investigating a blind test case (CFD_OTC1) based on a generic missile airframe at a supersonic flight condition. Attention is focussed on the predicted total rolling moment coefficient, the polarity of which determines the airframe’s local static roll stability. While the facet is still some way from demonstrably achieving verified CFD solutions at the flight condition of primary interest, there is now little doubt that the airframe will be predicted to be locally unstable in roll

The Prediction of Vortex Interactions on a Generic Missile Configuration Using CFD: Current Status of Activity in NATO AVT-316

This paper provides a brief overview of the activities undertaken by the Missile Facet of NATO STO AVT 316 (Vortex Interaction Effects Relevant to Military Air Vehicle Performance) since its first meeting in April 2018. Rather than setting out to provide definitive technical statements, a broader, more narrative approach is taken towards summarising some of the key developments that have occurred during the early stages of the facet’s existence. To date, work has focussed on investigating a blind test case (CFD_OTC1) based on a generic missile airframe at a supersonic flight condition. Attention is focussed on the predicted total rolling moment coefficient, the polarity of which determines the airframe’s local static roll stability. While the facet is still some way from demonstrably achieving verified CFD solutions at the flight condition of primary interest, there is now little doubt that the airframe will be predicted to be locally unstable in roll