IDENTIFICACIÓN DE OBSERVACIONES INFLUYENTES EN LA DISCRIMINACIÓN DE MUESTRAS DEL GÉNERO MINTHOSTACHYS DE CAJATAMBO Y UNCHOS

This paper explores the possibility of identifying influential observations in discriminant analysis framework, 160 botanical specimens of the genus Minthostachys, pubescent and pubescent not collected in the province of Cajatambo department of Lima and Unchos departarment of Ancash. The evaluations of morphological variables in tho main branch of each Minthostachys being studied were: length of petiole, leaf length and width of the blade. Taxonomic and systematic studies of the samples were performed at the Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Economic Botany of the Natural History Museum and the determination of the species are held in the herbarium of the San Marcos University, using the Cronquist classification system, for Cajatambo which marked 51 plants such as non-pubescent and pubescent 49: while for Unchos ranked 40 with abundant pubescence band 20 escaca pubescence. For the 160 Minthostachys plants, eliminating one at a time, we calculated the value of the Mahalanobis distance, the probability of misclassification and the scores of the Fisher discriminant function (Campbell, 1978: Fung, 1992. 1995). The analysis correctly discriminated 151 plants Minthostachys ie, 94.4 % of a total of 160, a value largo enough to show the effectiveness of discriminant analysis. For the full sample and removing each time one of the samples or observations, we calculated the value o the Mahalanobis Distance, the probability of misclassification, the weightings and scores of discriminant function of Fisher. Comparison of the values of the estimates, with and without the observation under evaluation, it was concluded that observations 110, 112 and 114 were identified as influential

Temas Socio-Jurídicos. Volumen 19 No. 40 Junio de 2001

Las opiniones contenidas en los artículos de esta revista no vinculan a la institución, sino que son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores, dentro de los principios democráticos de la cátedra libre y la libertad de expresión consagrados en el artículo 3o. del estatuto general de la corporación universidad autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB. El material de esta publicación puede ser reproducido sin autorización, siempre que se mencione su procedencia y el Centro de Investigaciones Socio-Jurídicas de la UNAB, reciba un ejemplar de la publicación.The opinions contained in the articles of this magazine do not bind the institution, but are the sole responsibility of the authors, within the democratic principles of the free chair and freedom of expression enshrined in article 3. of the general statute of the autonomous university corporation of Bucaramanga - UNAB. The material in this publication may be reproduced without authorization, as long as its source is mentioned and the Socio-Legal Research Center of UNAB receives a copy of the publication

Assessing associations between the AURKAHMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers

While interplay between BRCA1 and AURKA-RHAMM-TPX2-TUBG1 regulates mammary epithelial polarization, common genetic variation in HMMR (gene product RHAMM) may be associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Following on these observations, we further assessed the link between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers and subsequently analyzed using a retrospective likelihood appr

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

DNA Glycosylases Involved in Base Excision Repair May Be Associated with Cancer Risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers

Peer reviewe

La suplementación con aceite de orégano no afecta la calidad sensorial de la carne de pollo

Poultry is a popular but perishable food. Beneficial effects of essential oils (EOs) in the diet of broilers have been studied to protect against spoilage and lipid oxidation. However, even if their impact on sensory quality is regarded as minor, consumption of EOs with poultry meat would have negative sensory effects that need to be assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate sensory quality, as well as color and pH, of raw and cooked chicken breast meat samples from broilers supplemented with three levels of dietary oregano essential oil. Groups of 126 broilers feed a basal corn, soybean and sorghum diet supplemented with cero, 200, 600 or 800 mg of oregano essential oil per kg of feed. The broilers were handled and slaughtered according to the principles of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the NOM‐033‐Z00‐1995. The samples were obtained at different ages of slaughter (28, 35 and 42 d) and two tests were performed on raw and cooked samples. A triangle test (25 trained panelists) was performed to identify differences (P < 0.05) among treatments. Besides, an acceptability test (50 consumers) was performed to score appearance, color and odor on whole raw chicken breasts, on a 9‐ point hedonic scale, as well as appearance, color, odor, taste, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability on cooked chicken meat. Additionally, color and pH were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and a Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results indicated that dietary oregano EO did not affect the sensory quality of cooked chicken breast meat. On raw chicken breast meat the higher levels improved external appearance, color and odor.El pollo es un alimento popular pero perecedero. El efecto de aceites esenciales en la dieta ha sido estudiado para evitar oxidación de lípidos. Sin embargo, aunque el impacto del aceite en la calidad sensorial ha sido minimizado, puede tener efectos sensoriales negativos que deben ser evaluados. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la calidad sensorial, así como el color y el pH, de la pechuga de pollos suplementados con aceite de orégano. Grupos de 126 pollos se alimentaron con dieta de maíz, soya y sorgo suplementada con cero, 200, 600 o 800 mg de aceite por kg de alimento. Las aves fueron manejadas y sacrificadas de acuerdo con los principios de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) y según la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM‐033‐Z00‐1995. El muestreo se realizó a edades de 28, 35 y 42 d y se realizaron dos pruebas en muestras crudas y cocidas. Una prueba triangular (25 jueces entrenados) fue realizada para identificar diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre los tratamientos y una prueba de aceptabilidad (50 consumidores) fue realizada para calificar apariencia externa, color y olor en pechugas crudas, así como apariencia, color, olor, sabor, jugosidad, textura y aceptabilidad general en pechugas cocidas. Adicionalmente se determinó color y pH. Los datos fueron analizados por ANOVA y Tukey (α = 0.05). Los resultados indicaron que el aceite no afectó la calidad sensorial de la carne de pechuga de pollo cocida. En pechugas crudas, mayores niveles de aceite mejoraron apariencia, color y olor

La dependencia del adulto mayor institucionalizado es un asunto de calidad de vida: Medellín, 2008

Aim: To analyze the functional capacity of elderly residing in the Homes for the Aged registered with the Social Welfare Department of Medellin, in 2008, to anticipate conditions of partial or total dependence. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study, which addressed some characteristics related to the functional capacity of 273 institutionalized elderly in 37 social welfare centers, with the authorization of their legal representative, with primary source of information collected in a survey and implemented by professional health. The information analysis was univariate and bivariate analysis, was development in STATA 10.0. Results: In general, older adults are independent to perform basic daily activities like taking food, grooming, brushing teeth, using the toilet, dressing, bathing, spend two hours sitting, getting in and out of bed, walking cross a room, over 80% of cases. Are dependent for going out, getting into a car, kneel or crouch, climb ladders and pushing objects more than 30% of cases. Orthopedic aids require institutionalized elderly respondents are mainly young, glasses, cane and wheelchair, the old and live longer require glasses, cane, walker, and centenarian first step required in the stick and then the glasses. Conclusions: The dependence of institutionalized older adults is a matter of quality of life. Medellín, 2008Objetivo: Analizar la capacidad funcional del adulto mayor residenciado en los Centros de Bienestar del Anciano registrados en la Secretaría de Bienestar Social de Medellín, en el año 2008, con el fin de anticipar condiciones de dependencia parcial o total. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal, el cual abordó algunas características relacionadas con la capacidad funcional de 273 adultos mayores institucionalizados en 37 centros de protección social, previa autorización de su representante legal; con fuente de información primaria recolectada en una encuesta y aplicada por profesionales de la salud. El análisis realizado a la información fue univariado y bivariado, fue desarrollado en STATA 10.0. Resultados: En general, los adultos mayores son independientes para realizar las actividades básicas cotidianas como tomar alimentos, peinarse, cepillarse los dientes, usar el servicio sanitario, vestirse, bañarse, permanecer dos horas sentado, acostarse y levantarse de la cama, cruzar un cuarto caminando, en más del 80% de las ocasiones. Son dependientes para salir a la calle, subirse a un vehículo, arrodillarse o agacharse, subir y bajar escalas y empujar objetos en más del 30% de las ocasiones. Las ayudas ortopédicas que requieren los adultos mayores jóvenes institucionalizados encuestados son principalmente: anteojos, bastón y silla de ruedas; los viejos y longevos requieren anteojos, bastón y caminador, y los centenarios requieren en primera medida el bastón y luego los anteojos. Conclusiones: La dependencia del adulto mayor institucionalizado es un asunto de calidad de vida. Medellín, 200

Síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores institucionalizados y factores asociados

The objective of the present study was exploring the factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly people institutionalized. A cross sectional study was conducted; 276 elderly people of elderly welfare centers of Medellin-Colombia were analyzed. Demographics, capacity functional, anxiety, perceived health, social support networks, nutritional status and quality of life characteristics were evaluated. The depressive symptoms prevalence rate in the subjects was similar by sex an age (p > 0.05). The dependent elderly performing the activities of daily living had the upper percentages of depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). Risk of anxiety (OR = 2.74), cognitive impairment (OR = 2.82), iliteracy and women partially dependent (OR = 21.89) increased significantly the probability of depressive symptoms (p 0.05). Adultos dependientes para la realización de actividades cotidianas, tuvieron mayores porcentajes de síntomas de depresión (p < 0.001). Altos niveles de ansiedad (OR = 2.74), deterioro funcional (OR = 2.82), ningún grado de formación académica (OR = 3.70) y mujeres parcialmente dependientes (OR = 21.89) se asociaron con mayor probabilidad de presentar síntomas de depresión (p < 0.05). En general, perdida de roles, estado de dependencia y calidad de vida disminuida aumentan la sintomatología depresiva

Apoyo social dignificante del adulto mayor institucionalizado. medellin, 2008

Objetivo Analizar el apoyo social del adulto mayor residente en los Centros de Bienestar del Anciano de Medellín registrados en la Secretaría de Bienestar Social en el año 2008. Materiales Estudio descriptivo transversal, que abordó algunas características relacionadas con el apoyo social recibido por 276 adultos mayores institucionalizados en 39 centros de protección social, con fuente de información primaria. El análisis de la información fue univariado y bivariado. Resultados Los institucionalizados eran en su mayoría mujeres, con edades de 65-84 años, solteras o viudas, con nivel de educación  primaria y secundaria; la mayor parte estaban afiliadas al régimen contributivo. Los principales motivos de institucionalización fueron: soledad, problemas de salud y por decisión familiar; ellos son visitados por sus hijos y otros familiares, y este apoyo fue valorado como satisfactorio, pero más de la mitad tenía sentimientos de soledad y la sexta parte manifestó humillaciones de sus seres queridos; es de anotar que una baja proporción reportó maltrato de sus cuidadores. Conclusiones Las redes de apoyo social son fuertes dentro de la institución y perciben un menor maltrato por parte de los cuidadores institucionales que de los familiares. En general, la soledad es un aspecto que lleva a los adultos mayores a institucionalizarse, pero esta permanece en ellos, motivada en parte por el poco contacto con las familias y la mediana satisfacción con amigos y la misma institución, evidenciando su condición de desamparo y de vulnerabilidad social.Objective Analysing the social support provided for elderly institutionalised adults being cared for in Elderly Welfare Centres (Centros de Bienestar del Anciano de Medellín) in Medellin during 2008. Materials This was a cross-sectional descriptive study (primary information source)which addressed some characteristics related to the social support being received by 273 elderly people institutionalised in 37 social welfare centres. Univariate and bivariate analysis was applied to the data. Results The institutionalised people were mostly single or widowed women aged between 65 and 84 who had received primary and secondary education; most were affiliated to the contributory health regimen. Loneliness, health problems and family decision were the main causes for them having become institutionalised. They were visited by their children and other relatives and such support was ratedas being satisfactory; however, more than half of them had feelings of loneliness and one sixth claimed to be humiliated and insulted by their loved ones. It should be noted that a few of them reported being mistreated by their caregivers.Institutionalised elderly adults performed recreational activities, were satisfied with the support received from friends, with cohabitation and the pertinent institution.Conclusions Social support networks were strong within the institution (i.e. Elderly Welfare Centres); the elderly seemed to receive greater abuse from family members and cohabitants than institutional caregivers. Loneliness generally leadselderly adults to become institutionalised; however, once having entered an institution (being partly motivated by little family contact and average satisfaction with friends and the institution itself) their neglect and social vulnerability becomesevident