EVALUATION OF THE TRYPANOCIDAL POTENTIAL OF THIOSEMICARBAZONE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW

Neglected diseases are a group of communicable diseases that mainly affect tropical regions in developing countries. Among this group of diseases is Chagas disease, which has been classified among the six most important parasitic diseases in the world, and it is estimated that more than one billion people are at risk in countries that are considered endemic. The aim of this study is to conduct a literature review on the trypanocidal activity of thiosemicarbazone derivatives. The study is a review research that used 31 articles to highlight the scientific findings on the trypanocidal activity of the derivatives in question. Articles were included in the time estimate between 2010 - 2021 (last 12 years). The search and selection of the reference studies was performed in Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Academic databases. The literature highlights that thiosemicarbazones are considered privileged compounds with a wide scientific interest due to their diverse chemical and biological properties, such as: antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and anti-chagasic. The studies presented here, which demonstrate the investigations of compounds of this class and their derivatives, are an important step towards the conception of therapeutic methods against Trypanosoma cruzi. New studies are necessary to elucidate in an even more specific way the effects of these derivatives in vivo, in order to obtain an alternative pharmacological therapy for Chagas disease.Las enfermedades olvidadas son un conjunto de enfermedades transmisibles que afectan principalmente a las regiones tropicales de los países que están en proceso de desarrollo.  Entre este conjunto de enfermedades se encuentra la enfermedad de Chagas, que ha sido clasificada entre las seis enfermedades parasitarias más importantes del mundo, y se estima que más de mil millones de personas están en riesgo en los países que se consideran endémicos. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la actividad tripanocida de los derivados de tiosemicarbazona. El estudio es una investigación de revisión que utilizó 31 artículos para destacar los hallazgos científicos sobre la actividad tripanocida de los derivados en cuestión. Los artículos se incluyeron en la estimación temporal entre 2010 y 2021 (los últimos 12 años). La búsqueda y selección de los estudios de referencia se realizó en las bases de datos Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed y Google Academic. La literatura destaca que las tiosemicarbazonas son compuestos considerados privilegiados y con un amplio interés científico debido a sus diversas propiedades químicas y biológicas, tales como: antitumorales, antibacterianas, antivirales, antiprotozoarias y antichagásicas. Los estudios presentados aquí, que demuestran las investigaciones de los compuestos de esta clase y sus derivados, constituyen un paso importante hacia la concepción de métodos terapéuticos contra el Trypanosoma cruzi. Son necesarios nuevos estudios para dilucidar de forma aún más específica los efectos de estos derivados in vivo, con el fin de obtener una terapia farmacológica alternativa para la enfermedad de Chagas.As doenças negligenciadas são um conjunto de doenças transmissíveis, que afetam principalmente regiões tropicais de países que estão em processo de desenvolvimento. Dentre esse conjunto de doenças se destaca a doença de Chagas, que foi classificada entre as seis doenças parasitárias mais importantes do mundo, e estima-se que mais de um bilhão de pessoas estão em risco em países que são considerados endêmicos. O objetivo deste estudo é de realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a atividade tripanocida de derivados tiossemicarbazonas. O estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão que utilizou 31 artigos para evidenciar os achados científicos sobre a atividade tripanocida dos derivados em questão. Foram incluídos artigos na estimativa de tempo entre 2010 – 2021 (últimos 12 anos). A pesquisa e seleção dos estudos de referência foi realizada nas bases de dados Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed e Google Acadêmico. A literatura evidencia que as tiossemicarbazonas são compostos considerados privilegiados e com um amplo interesse científico devido a suas diversas propriedades químicas e biológicas, como por exemplo: antitumoral, antibacteriana, antiviral, antiprotozoária e anti-chagásiga. Os estudos aqui apresentados, que demonstram as investigações dos compostos dessa classe e seus derivados desempenham um importante passo para a concepção de métodos terapêuticos frente ao Trypanosoma cruzi. Novos estudos são necessários para que seja elucidado de uma forma ainda mais específica os efeitos desses derivados in vivo, no intuito de se obter uma terapia farmacológica alternativa para a doença de Chagas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2007

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved