14 research outputs found
Development assemblages and collective farmer-led irrigation in the Sahel: A case study from the lower Delta of the Senegal River"
In Sahelian countries, farmer-led irrigation development has contributed to the extension of irrigated
areas in formerly state-led schemes, especially from the 1990s onwards. It has usually consisted of individual
approaches, revealing the unequal capacities that farmers have had to develop irrigated agriculture. However, in
some cases, farmers have performed collective practices geared towards achieving a more concerted and
equitable management of resources. This article is centred on such collective enterprises. It is based on a case
study from the delta of the Senegal River. In this region, where state agencies, donors, and investors have set the
tone of irrigation development over the last decades, the concerted irrigation development led by the inhabitants
of a small village (ThilĂšne) can be considered to be a form of resistance. By drawing on the concepts of 'moral
economy' and 'assemblage', and using 'comparative agriculture' methods, we situate the emergence of this
collective action in order to understand who has governed it by what means or practices, and to know what have
been its outcomes. We see these collective actions as an alternative irrigation development pathway to that led
by the state and donors. The results highlight the contingent nature of these initiatives and the difficulties in
implementing adapted policies to trigger or boost their emergence
Chapitre 5 - Sécheresse, aménagements hydrauliques et modÚles de développement : delta du fleuve Sénégal
La rĂ©gion du delta du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal (figure 5.1) connaissait dĂ©jĂ , avant lâĂ©pisode de sĂ©cheresse des annĂ©es 1970-1980 qui a marquĂ© lâensemble du Sahel, de faibles totaux pluviomĂ©triques. Elle Ă©tait aussi particuliĂšrement sujette aux variations interannuelles de la pluviomĂ©trie et de la crue du fleuve, rendant lâagriculture pluviale hasardeuse (Lericollais, 1975). Lâadaptation ancienne et systĂ©mique des agriculteurs et Ă©leveurs Ă des..
SystĂšmes agraires et changement climatique au Sud
Ă partir de lâĂ©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e et de la comparaison dâune douzaine de situations locales contrastĂ©es en Afrique sub-saharienne et en Asie du Sud-Est, les auteurs mettent en Ă©vidence les processus et les trajectoires qui expliquent la forte exposition aux alĂ©as des diffĂ©rents groupes dâagriculteurs, ainsi que leur inĂ©gale capacitĂ© dâadaptation. Ils expliquent les ressorts de cette vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© et illustrent le poids des choix passĂ©s et actuels en matiĂšre de politiques agricole, environnementale et commerciale. Enfin, ils prĂ©sentent les modalitĂ©s dâajustement et les transformations passĂ©es et en cours des pratiques paysannes allant dans le sens dâune rĂ©duction de lâexposition Ă lâalĂ©a, dâune attĂ©nuation de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©, et dâune meilleure adaptation aux changements globaux : dĂ©rĂšglement climatique bien sĂ»r, mais aussi accroissement dĂ©mographique, compĂ©tition accrue pour lâaccĂšs aux ressources, Ă©volution des prix relatifs et fluctuations des marchĂ©s, dĂ©rĂ©gulation et baisse des soutiens publics, etc. Ils esquissent en conclusion les chemins possibles en matiĂšre dâadaptation et des propositions de mesures politiques pour accompagner les producteurs.Pour des raisons de diffĂ©rences de fabrication, les figures et photos en couleurs de la prĂ©sente version sont dissĂ©minĂ©es au sein des diffĂ©rents chapitres, mais sont rĂ©unies Ă la fin du chapitre 4 de la version PDF
The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer
Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCMâ/â patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors
A case-only study to identify genetic modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers
Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers varies by genetic and familial factors. About 50 common variants have been shown to modify BC risk for mutation carriers. All but three, were identified in general population studies. Other mutation carrier-specific susceptibility variants may exist but studies of mutation carriers have so far been underpowered. We conduct a novel case-only genome-wide association study comparing genotype frequencies between 60,212 general population BC cases and 13,007 cases with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. We identify robust novel associations for 2 variants with BC for BRCA1 and 3 for BRCA2 mutation carriers, P < 10â8, at 5 loci, which are not associated with risk in the general population. They include rs60882887 at 11p11.2 where MADD, SP11 and EIF1, genes previously implicated in BC biology, are predicted as potential targets. These findings will contribute towards customising BC polygenic risk scores for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus
A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P = 9.2 x 10(-20)), ER-negative BC (P = 1.1 x 10(-13)), BRCA1-associated BC (P = 7.7 x 10(-16)) and triple negative BC (P-diff = 2 x 10(-5)). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P = 2 x 10(-3)) and ABHD8 (PPeer reviewe
Politique hydro-agricole et rĂ©silience de lâagriculture familiale
International audienceEmblĂ©matiques des grands projets hydrauliques en Afrique de lâOuest, les amĂ©nagements dans le Delta du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal, accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©s sous lâinfluence de la profonde sĂ©cheresse au Sahel, ont permis de sĂ©curiser la production en basculant dâune agriculture pluviale et de dĂ©crue Ă une agriculture irriguĂ©e. Ils ont en revanche conduit Ă un bouleversement complet des Ă©cosystĂšmes et de lâagriculture du Delta, dans des contextes de politiques agricoles et de modĂšles de dĂ©veloppement trĂšs diffĂ©rents des annĂ©es 1960 Ă aujourdâhui, qui ont continĂ»ment mis Ă lâĂ©preuve la rĂ©silience de lâagriculture familiale de cette rĂ©gion. Demeurent aujourdâhui des insĂ©curitĂ©s dans lâaccĂšs au foncier, au capital et aux marchĂ©s pour lesquelles diffĂ©rentes voies dâadaptation peuvent ĂȘtre envisagĂ©es, qui permettent dâinterroger la notion de rĂ©silience
A new hybrid record linkage process to make epidemiological databases interoperable: application to the GEMO and GENEPSO studies involving BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
International audienceBackground: Linking independent sources of data describing the same individuals enable innovative epidemiological and health studies but require a robust record linkage approach. We describe a hybrid record linkage process to link databases from two independent ongoing French national studies, GEMO (Genetic Modifiers of BRCA1 and BRCA2), which focuses on the identification of genetic factors modifying cancer risk of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, and GENEPSO (prospective cohort of BRCAx mutation carriers), which focuses on environmental and lifestyle risk factors.Methods: To identify as many as possible of the individuals participating in the two studies but not registered by a shared identifier, we combined probabilistic record linkage (PRL) and supervised machine learning (ML). This approach (named "PRL + ML") combined together the candidate matches identified by both approaches. We built the ML model using the gold standard on a first version of the two databases as a training dataset. This gold standard was obtained from PRL-derived matches verified by an exhaustive manual review. Results The Random Forest (RF) algorithm showed a highest recall (0.985) among six widely used ML algorithms: RF, Bagged trees, AdaBoost, Support Vector Machine, Neural Network. Therefore, RF was selected to build the ML model since our goal was to identify the maximum number of true matches. Our combined linkage PRL + ML showed a higher recall (range 0.988-0.992) than either PRL (range 0.916-0.991) or ML (0.981) alone. It identified 1995 individuals participating in both GEMO (6375 participants) and GENEPSO (4925 participants).Conclusions: Our hybrid linkage process represents an efficient tool for linking GEMO and GENEPSO. It may be generalizable to other epidemiological studies involving other databases and registries
Classification of 101 BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance by cosegregation study: A powerful approach
International audienc
Classification of 101 BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance by cosegregation study: A powerful approach
International audienc