A Governança Multinível: Proposta de um modelo de avaliação de instrumentos de política pública territorial: A Estratégia Integrada de Desenvolvimento Territorial da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa no contexto do Portugal 2020

Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Administração Pública, Especialidade em Administração e Políticas PúblicasEsta investigação teve como objetivo a construção de um modelo de avaliação da governança multinível em instrumentos de política pública territorial para aferir a perceção dos atores acerca da relevância daquela enquanto fator crítico de sucesso do processo de Territorialização das Políticas Públicas no âmbito do Ciclo de Programação da União Europeia (UE) 2014-2020 em Portugal. Partindo da conceptualização de Governança Multinível, foi elaborado um modelo de avaliação que nos permitiu concluir, partindo da perceção dos atores territoriais, acerca da sua relevância enquanto fator crítico. Delimitámos a problemática na análise da dimensão territorial do Portugal 2020, mobilizando as Estratégias Integradas de Desenvolvimento Territorial (EIDT). Metodologicamente, assentamos a investigação na abordagem estudo de caso e delimitamos a EIDT da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML) como o objeto empírico de estudo. A operacionalização foi efetuada através da aplicação de um instrumento exploratório – um inquérito por questionário, e de dois instrumentos de aprofundamento– entrevistas presenciais com atores territoriais e grupos focais com especialistas. Estes instrumentos foram aplicados através da mobilização de duas variáveis, escalas de governança e função dos atores territoriais no processo EIDT. Concluímos que o conceito de governança multinível, tal com referenciado teoricamente, não apreende a totalidade do processo de formulação e implementação da EIDT da AML, logo infirmando a nossa premissa. Propomos a existência de uma triangulação conceptual capaz de dar resposta à problemática, mobilizando o referencial de governança multinível bem como as propostas de Jordan (2001) sobre Multilevel Government, de Bauer e Trondal (2015) e de Trondal e Bauer (2017) sobre Multilevel Administrative System. Foi ainda observada a existência de um conjunto de tensões estruturais, que são elas próprias manifestações da existência de um gap entre os referenciais da UE e as suas traduções nacionais, e as perceções dos atores territoriais.This investigation aimed to create a multilevel governance (MLG) evaluation model referring to territorial public policy instruments that assess the perception of actors about the relevance of MLG as a critical success factor in the process of Territorialization of Public Policies within the scope of the European Union (EU) Programming Cycle 2014-2020 in Portugal. Based on the conceptualization of MLG, an evaluation model was developed that allowed us to conclude, based on the perception of territorial actors, about its relevance as a critical factor. We delimited the problem in the analysis of the territorial dimension of Portugal 2020, mobilizing the Integrated Strategies for Territorial Development (ISTD). Methodologically, we based the investigation on the case study approach and defined the ISTD of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) as the empirical object of study. The operationalization was carried out through the application of an exploratory instrument – a questionnaire survey, and two excavating instruments – face to-face interviews with actors and focus groups with specialists. These instruments were applied through two variables, scales of governance and role of territorial actors in the ISTD process. We conclude that the concept of multilevel governance, as theoretically referenced, does not apprehend the entire process of formulating and implementing the LMA ISTD, thus undermining our premise. We propose the existence of a conceptual triangulation capable of responding to the problem, mobilizing the multilevel governance framework as well as the proposals by Jordan (2001) on Multilevel Government, by Bauer and Trondal (2015) and by Trondal and Bauer (2017) on Multilevel Administrative System. It was also observed the existence of a set of structural tensions, which are themselves manifestations of the existence of a gap between the references of the EU and its national translations, and the perceptions of territorial actors.N/

European territorial development and the place based approach: the budgetary dimension of Portugal 2020

Territory has been taken as one of the main dimensions of the process of formulation and implementation of public policies. This article is based on the concept of public policy territorialisation as stated by the IFDR (2010) when referring to the place based approach as the new international paradigm of regional policies. This study aims to describe the possible benefits of these policies in the face of previous regional development European policies (OECD, 2009: 50) and assess, based on the Portuguese case, if there is an effective correspondence between the theoretical framework of place based policies, as they are formulated (Barca, 2009), and the actual implementation of territorial instruments, in the case of Portugal 2020, by mobilizing the budgetary dimension.This study is relevant because the place based policies are changing the formulation mode of territorial development policies in many countries and regions, so it is important to understand associated benefits and risks. In this study, we describe these advantages and elaborate an analysis of the effective correspondence between the formulation and its practical implementation in the European Union, by analysing the Portuguese case (Portugal 2020), from the viewpoint of resources allocated. Naturally, at the heart of European concerns, is the fight against regional imbalances without losing sight of the difficult task of maintaining the financial sustainability of the European budget and achieve fiscal consolidation, particularly in a context of global crisis (Catarino & Alcario, 2016 Catarino, 2015 and Catarino & Fonseca, 2013)It was found that the place based instruments identified in the Portugal 2020 represent 11% (EUR 2 billion to EUR 18 billion) of regionalized funds and 7.6% (EUR 2 billion to EUR 26 billion) of the total received by Portugal. It is concluded that there is no correspondence between the place based formulation of the current territorial development policies cycle of the European Union for the period 2014-2020 and its effective implementation of Portugal 2020. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a dysfunction between theory and practice, not validating the advantages referenced in the scientific literature about the place based policies.El territorio se ha asumido como una de las principales dimensiones del proceso de formulación e implementación de políticas públicas. En este estudio se parte del concepto de territorialización de políticas públicas, como el enunciado por el Instituto para el Financiamiento y Desarrollo Regional (IFDR 2010) al referirse al enfoque basado en el lugar como el nuevo paradigma internacional de las políticas de desarrollo regional. El estudio tiene como objetivo describir los posibles beneficios de estas políticas frente a las europeas de desarrollo regional previstas (OCDE 2009, p. 50) y evaluar, basándose en el caso portugués, si existe una correspondencia efectiva entre el marco teórico de las políticas basadas en el lugar, tal como se formulan (Barca 2009), y la implementación real de los instrumentos territoriales, en el caso de Portugal 2020, movilizando la dimensión presupuestaria.Este estudio es relevante porque las políticas basadas en el lugar están alterando el modo de formulación de las políticas de desarrollo territorial en muchos países y regiones, por lo que es importante percibir las ventajas y los riesgos asociados. En este estudio describimos estas ventajas y se lleva a cabo el análisis de la correspondencia efectiva entre la formulación y su aplicación práctica en la Unión Europea, tomando como ejemplo el caso portugués (Portugal 2020), desde el punto de vista de los recursos asignados. Naturalmente, en el centro de las preocupaciones europeas se encuentra la lucha contra los desequilibrios territoriales, sin perder de vista la difícil tarea de mantener la sostenibilidad financiera del presupuesto europeo y alcanzar la consolidación presupuestaria, sobre todo en un contexto de crisis global (Catarino y Alcario 2016, Catarino 2015, Catarino y Fonseca 2013).Se constató que los instrumentos de carácter local identificados en Portugal 2020 representan el 11 % (2000 en 18 000 millones de euros) de los fondos regionales y el 7,6 % (2000 en 26 000 millones de euros) del total recibido por Portugal. Y se concluyó que no existe correspondencia entre la formulación place based del actual ciclo de políticas de desarrollo territorial de la Unión Europea para el período 2014-2020 y su aplicación efectiva en Portugal 2020. Se confirma la hipótesis de que existe una disfunción entre la teoría y la práctica, lo que no valida las ventajas referenciadas en la producción científica acerca de las place based policies. En este trabajo, se presentan y analizan dos casos de electrificación rural mediante el uso de HOMER PRO. Se aplican criterios de evaluación técnica y económica para estudiar la viabilidad de una microhidroeléctrica en El Díptamo (Honduras), así como de una planta híbrida compuesta de matrices de módulos fotovoltaicos, generadores diésel y baterías de flujo, en una pequeña isla ubicada en el lago Victoria. Para ambos casos, mostramos los resultados de los estudios de las cargas diarias y anuales, de los recursos disponibles en el área y la evaluación económica de la configuración de las plantas elegidas

O modo de governança como fator crítico de sucesso das políticas públicas ao nível local

Classificação JEL: R50, Z18O modo de governança tornou-se central para o entendimento das dinâmicas relacionais das sociedades contemporâneas, devendo ser entendido como “uma mudança no entendimento de governo, significando um novo processo de governação ou uma mudança das regras ou ainda um novo método pela qual a sociedade é governada” (Rhodes, 1996). Esta nova realidade é marcada pela formação das redes como estruturas logístico-organizativas do modo de governança, tendo também impacto na dimensão território. Esta investigação foi alicerçada no entendimento do território como “um elemento de governação das políticas públicas” (Reis, 2005). Neste contexto, autonomizámos como referencial analítico da eficácia das políticas públicas ao nível local o conceito de governança em rede. Assim, adotámos um modelo de avaliação da eficácia de um instrumento de política pública baseada na matriz de avaliação das parcerias organizacionais (Wilson-Grau e Nunez, 2007) e na proposta de avaliação dos instrumentos de política do POLIS XXI (Monteiro, 2009). Utilizando a metodologia de estudo de caso, foi escolhido como objeto empírico de estudo as Parcerias para a Regeneração Urbana -Programa de Ação “Zambujal Melhora!”. Da aplicação de um inquérito podemos inferir que o modelo de governança observado nesta rede caracteriza-se pela existência de interações entre organizações que atuam em escalas distintas (governança multinível). Este modelo de governança também é caraterizado pelo predomínio de organizações de natureza pública, especialmente no seu núcleo decisor. O processo decisório desta rede baseia-se numa abordagem top-down mas, ao nível participativo e de disseminação da informação, tal já não acontece, pois está alicerçada numa lógica horizontal.Governance has become central to understanding the relational dynamics of contemporary societies and should be understood as "a change in the meaning of government, referring to a new process of governing or a changed condition of ordered rule, or the new method by which society is governed "(Rhodes, 1996). This new reality is marked by the formation of networks as logistical and organizational structures of governance mode, and also impact also had an impact on a fundamental dimension: the territory. This research was founded on understanding of territory as "an element of governance of public policies" (Reis, 2005). In this context, we identified as an analytical framework of the effectiveness of public policies at the local level the concept of network governance. Thus, we adopt a model for evaluating the effectiveness of an instrument of public policy based on the matrix of evaluation of organizational partnerships (Wilson-Grau and Nunez, 2007) and the proposed review of the policy instruments of the POLIS XXI (Monteiro, 2009). Using the case study methodology was chosen as the empirical object of study the Partnerships for Urban Regeneration – Action Programme "Zambujal Gets Better!." With the application of a survey we can infer that the governance model observed in this network is characterized by the existence of interactions between organizations working in different scales (multilevel governance). This governance model is also characterized by the predominance of organizations of a public nature, especially in its decision core. The decision-making process of this network is based on a top-down approach, but at the level of participatory and information dissemination, such is not the case, because it is founded on a horizontal logic

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost