Evaluación económica de impactos ambientales : bases teóricas y técnicas de valoración más utilizadas

Economic problems of great complexity should be approach in an interdisciplinary way. The veterinarian makes his own contribution from the professional activity mainly associated to animal production. The close relationship among production, economy and environmental impacts an additional element in decision making both in public and private spheres. The objet of this work is to present a methodological revision of procedures in order to figure out the human activities' impacts upon environment froman economic point of view. Theoretical bases an basic assumptions changes and procedures used are described. Different evaluation techniques on environment changes and procedures used are described. As a conclusion a critical analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques is madeLos problemas ambientales, de gran complejidad, deben ser abordados de forma interdisciplinaria. El profesional de las ciencias veterinarias esta en condiciones de realizar un aporte desde su ámbito del conocimiento como asimismo desde su ejercicio profesional, especialmente en lo referente a las actividades productivas de base animal. a estrecha relación entre la producción, la economía y el ambiente hacen necesario el dominio de la técnica de evaluación económica de impactos ambientales, como elemento complementario en la toma de decisiones tanto del sector público y privado. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar una revisión metodológica de los procedimientos para calcular los impactos de las actividades humanas sobre el ambiente, desde un punto de vista económico, con especial interés en el enfoque del análisis costo-beneficio. Se presenta un reducido desarrollo de las bases teóricas y los supuestos básicos que la sustentan, encuadrados en la denominada economía ambiental.Posteriormente se describen las diferentes formas de evaluar los cambios ambientales y los procedimientos utilizados. A modo de conclusión, se realiza un análisis crítico de las ventajas y desventajas de las diversas técnicas descripta

Análisis de las fluctuaciones de los precios de la miel a granel

This work approaches the study of the fluctuations on time series of prices obtained by producers and honey in bulk exporters. It tries to explain the seasonal behavior of price and its implications on the enterprise decision making. It is used as an analisis methodology of the multiplicative model of decompositionEl trabajo aborda el estudio de las fluctuaciones en las series de tiempo de los precios obtenidos por los productores y exportadores de miel a granel. Procura explicar el comportamiento estacional del precio y sus implicaciones en la toma de decisiones empresariales. Se utiliza como metodología de análisis el modelo de descomposición multiplicativ

Herramienta para la formulación de raciones para cerdos por mínimo costo

This article presents the main features of RAC-1, a tool to formulate of least-cost rations for pigs. The tool was developed with Microsoft Excel, Solver subprogram, wich utilizes linear programmingEn el presente trabajo se exponen las principales características de la herramienta para formulación de raciones por mínimo costo para cerdos, denominada RAC-1. Esta herramienta fue desarrollada con la planilla de cálculos Microsoft Excel, que resuelve problemas de programación lineal con el subprograma Solve

La capacidad de gestión del empresario rural de La Pampa: análisis de las variables influyentes

Administration capability of rural manager is, at present, a very important aspect to exit or faliure of agricultural enterprises. Regarding to yield knowledge as an index of this, in the present work it is studied if managers of northeast of La Pampa provine e.know and use this ratio. Its involved variables are also analized. The planned hypothesis is that yield knowledge depends of education level, specific realized capability curses and farms extension. Data were collected by means of direct enterview to a sample of the sector managers. X2-test was realized to check association or independence between cualitative variables, as soon as their association level. Later, a multi-variant analysis was realized, adding all the variables to check possible causal relations. Obtained results show association between yie1d knowledge and educational variables. That means managers with capability curses and upper-studies have a higher knowledge ofyie1d ratio. On the other hand, there's no an important association respect to farm extension variable. It is concluded that, ifyield know1edge is really an index of exit and survival, this work shows the importance ofmanagers capabilityLa capacidad de gestión del empresario rural es un componente esencial para el éxito o fracaso de los emprendimientos agropecuarios actuales. Considerando al conocimiento de la rentabilidad como un indicador de esto, en el presente trabajo se estudió en que medida los empresarios, de la región noreste de la provincia de La Pampa, conocen y manejan esta ratio, y se analizan las variables más relevantes que la afectan. La hipótesis planteada dice que el conocimiento de la rentabilidad se ve influenciado por el nivel educativo, la realización de cursos específicos de capacitación y la extensión del establecimiento agropecuario. La información se obtuvo mediante encuesta directa efectuada a una muestra de empresarios del sector. Para el análisis se realizó la prueba l de independencia de resultados, buscando identificar la asociación o independencia entre las variables cualitativas de estudio, así como el grado de asociación entre ellas. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis multivariante incorporando todas las variables de estudio con el objetivo de buscar posibles relaciones causales. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la asociación entre el conocimiento de la rentabilidad y las variables de formación, observándose que los empresarios con cursos de capacitación y/o nivel de estudios secundario universitario son los que demuestran un mayor conocimiento del ratio rentabilidad. Por el contrario, no se observa asociación con respecto a la variable extensión de la explotación concluyendo que, si el conocimiento de la rentabilidad es realmente una medida de éxito y sobrevivencia, el trabajo destaca la importancia de la capacitación de los empresarios del sector

Enfermedades y lesiones laborales en médicos veterinarios de Argentina

The primary target of this study was to determine the level of individual elements protection use, in the diverse areas of work of the polled veterinarian in Argentine, as well as the ambient state of maintenance of work, related it to the frequency of pathologies displayed. The retrospective studies of the surveys made to veterinarians in professional exercise, during years 2003 to the 2006 inclusively, revealed events where injuries were taken place and labor diseases that affect workers quality of life. Activities like rectal tact, produced labor injuries in 11,5 % of the polled veterinarians, mainly due to traumas caused by animals. The acute Brucellosis was notified in 4,3 % of the total of received surveys, whereas 12,2 % were notified like chronic brucellosis. In this profession of risk, the development of strategies for diminishing labor dangers, sensitizing businessmen, professionals, students and workers from diverse sectors, is necessary to establish priorities in the use of elements of personal protection, the correct use of the material and work installations.El objetivo principal de éste estudio fue determinar el nivel de uso de elementos de protección individual en las diversas áreas de trabajo de los Médicos Veterinarios encuestados de la República Argentina, así como el estado y mantenimiento de sus ambientes de trabajo, relacionado ello con la frecuencia de patologías presentadas. El análisis retrospectivo de las encuestas realizadas a Médicos Veterinarios en activo ejercicio profesional, durante los años 2003 al 2006 inclusive, reveló sucesos donde se sufrieron lesiones y enfermedades laborales, que afectaron la calidad de vida del trabajador. Actividades como el tacto rectal, produjeron lesiones laborales en el 11,5% de los veterinarios encuestados, principalmente debidas a traumas provocados por animales. La brucelosis aguda se notificó en el 4,3% del total de encuestas recibidas, mientras un 12,20% fue notificado como brucelosis crónica. En ésta profesión de riesgo, el desarrollo de estrategias para la minimización de los peligros laborales, sensibilizando a empresarios, profesionales, alumnos y trabajadores de diversosámbitos, es necesaria para establecer prioridades en el uso de elementos de protección personal, el manejo correcto del material y de las instalaciones de trabajo, así como del bienestar animal, para preservar la salud y la calidad de vida de todo trabajador

La toma de decisiones en las empresas agropecuarias del norte de la provincia de La Pampa

The accelerated process of concentration in he Argentine agricultural firms specially affects medium and small productive units. Decapitalization, debts and low productivity prevail nowadays. Different opinions coming from technicians, scientists and firm leaders warn about hazards in firm management. The processing of qualitative information about decision making in agricultural firms in he north of La Pampa province (1995 survey) shows that the majority of managers did not systematize their own firm data, they lacked planning habits and took decisions supported only on mexperienceEl acelerado proceso de concentración de las empresas agropecuarias argentinas afecta especialmente a las unidades productivas medianas y pequeñas de tipo familiar. Este estado de crisis se manifiesta además en descapitalización, endeudamiento y baja productividad de los factores. Opiniones de técnicos, investigadores y dirigentes empresariales, sin dejar de considerar un contexto político y económico no muy favorable, advierten sobre un problema de capacidad en la gestión empresaria del sector. El procesamiento de información cualitativa sobre la forma en que se toman las decisiones en las empresas agropecuarias del norte de la provincia de La Pampa provenientes de una encuesta realizada en el año 1995 indican que la mayoría de los empresarios no sistematizaban la información de su empresa, carecían de hábito planificador y tomaban sus decisiones principalmente basados en la experiencia concordando con las opiniones citada

Efecto de dos niveles de densidad de siembra y fertilización sobre la producción de dos cultivares de alfalfa bajo corte. Análisis productivo y económico del primer año de producción

La alfalfa (Medicago sativa) es uno de los principales cultivos forrajerospara la alimentación del ganado en Argentina. Es necesariodisponer de información en la zona de influencia de la Facultadde Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional de La Pampaacerca de la adaptación y comportamiento productivo de variedadesde alfalfa ofrecidas en el mercado. Por ello, en la UnidadDemostrativa, Experimental y Productiva de dicha institución,en la zona de General Pico, se realiza un ensayo de dos cultivarescomerciales de alfalfa de distinto grado de latencia (intermedia ycorta), aplicando dos densidades de siembra (8 y 16 kg/ha) y dosdosis de fertilización (0 y 60 kg de superfostato/ha). La presentepublicación evalúa los resultados productivos y económicos delprimer año de producción. En promedio, la variedad de latenciaintermedia produjo mayor cantidad de materia seca que la de latenciacorta (P<0,05), pero no se observaron diferencias significativasentre densidades de siembra.  Se encontró una tendencia a favor de las parcelas fertilizadas vs. las no fertilizadas. El análisis  económico mostró diferencias significativas entre variedad y densidades, no así respecto a la fertilizació

Pérdidas de bonificaciones por calidad higiénica-sanitaria de leche entregada en tambos de la provincia de La Pampa /Bonus losses as consequence of hygienic-sanitary milk quality delivered to the industry from La Pampa dairy farmers

The decrease of bonus due to quantity and quality of milk re­mitted to the dairy industry af­fect significantly the income of an important number of dairy farmers. The objective of the proj­ect was to assess the economic losses of the final price of milk as a consequence of a reduced bonus because of compositional, hygiene and sanitary quality as well volume of milk, remitted to the dairy industry, in La Pampa province. Records of volume, quality, hygiene and sanitary quality of 59 dairy farmers of La Pampa were analysed. The basic value of protein without of bonus was obtained through the mean monthly kilogram of protein magnified by the market value of protein. To this value, it was add­ed bonus for colony formed units (CFU), somatic cell counts (SCC), temperature and cryoscopy, and it was compared with the maxi­mum value to obtain in order to determine the losses. The losses in bonus occurred for high SCC and CFU, representing 67 and 33% respectively. Temperature and cryoscopy were not respon­sible for losses, and temporally the worst months were January, February, June, November and December. The dairy farm­ers mean monthly losses was 158.252$equivalent to 2,05$ equivalente al 2,05% del ingreso. Las pérdidas totales anuales fueron de 2.358.625 $. La temperatura y crioscopía no originaron pérdidas de bonificaciones, mientras que temporalmente los meses de mayores pérdidas (3,42%) fueron enero, febrero, noviembre, diciembre y junio

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2017 includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting