Gradual Internal Reforming of Ethanol in Solid Oxide Fuel cells

AbstractElectrolyte (yttria-stabilised zirconia, YSZ) supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were fabricated using spin coating of standard LSM cathode and Ni-YSZ cermet anode. A ceria-based catalytic layer was deposited onto the anode with a special current collector design. Such a single cell configuration allows operation by gradual internal reforming of direct carbon-containing fuels. First, the fabricated single cells were operated with hydrogen to determine the optimised conditions of fuel concentration and flow rate regarding faradaïc efficiency. Then, the fuel was switched to dry ethanol and the cells were operated for several hours (100h) with good stability. Post-operation electron microcopy analyses revealed no carbon formation in the anode layer. The results indicate that the gradual internal reforming mechanism is effective, opening up the way to multi-fuel SOFCs, provided that a suitable catalyst layer and cell design are available

Profile Of The Orthodontist Practicing In The State Of São Paulo - Part 1

Orthodontics is no different from other sciences to the extent that it is a field in constant evolution and development. Nowadays, given the availability of a wide range of materials and biomechanical resources, as well as the development of new diagnostic capabilities, new methods to manage orthodontic treatment have emerged. Furthermore, due to the proliferation of postgraduate programs, it is increasingly important to gain insight into the profile of these specialists and the resources they use. OBJECTIVE: Examine the profile of orthodontists practicing in the State of São Paulo. The questions were prepared to evaluate different aspects of orthodontic practice. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 2.414 specialists in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics registered with the Regional Board of Dentistry of São Paulo State (CRO-SP). To assess the association between qualitative variables, the Chi-square association test was employed at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-three (24.65%) questionnaires were completed and returned. The sample profile consisted of males (54.3%), aged between 41 and 50 (40.5%), who had been registered with the São Paulo Regional Board of Dentistry (CRO-SP) for 6 to 10 years (29.3%). The three most widely mentioned cephalometric analyses were standard USP (71.5%), McNamara (59.2%) and Ricketts (52.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on a statistical analysis of the data one can conclude that the Straight-Wire technique was used most often (74.5%), and this technique is associated with orthodontists who have been specialists for less than 10 years. Most people surveyed (52.4%) routinely make use of functional orthopedic resources in their daily practice. © 2012 Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics.17622.e122.e6Andrade, M., A revolução silenciosa (1999) Rev ABO Nac., 7 (2), pp. 198-201Brito Jr., V.S., Ursi, W.J.S., O aparelho pré-ajustado: Sua evolução e suas prescrições (2006) Rev Dental Press Ortod Ortop Facial., 11 (3), pp. 104-156Capelozza Filho, L., Silva Filho, O.G., Ozawa, T.O., Cavassan, A.O., Individualização de braquetes na técnica straight-wire: Revisão de conceitos e sugestão de indicações para uso (1999) Rev Dental Press Ortod Ortop Facial., 4 (4), pp. 87-106Cavalcanti, A.L., Melo, T.R.N.B., Barroso, K.M.A., Souza, F.E.C., Maia, A.M.A., Silva, A.L.O., Perfil da pesquisa científica em Odontologia realizada no Brasil (2004) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr., 4 (2), pp. 99-104Gottlieb, E.L., Nelson, A.H., Vogels, D.S., 1990 JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. 1. Results and trends (1991) J Clin Orthod., 25 (3), pp. 145-156Gottlieb, E.L., Nelson, A.H., Vogels, D.S., 1996 JCO Study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 1. Results and trends (1996) J Clin Orthod., 30 (11), pp. 615-629Keim, R.G., Gottlieb, E.L., Nelson, A.H., Vogels, D.S., 2002 JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 1. Results and trends (2002) J Clin Orthod., 36 (10), pp. 553-568Mazzieiro, E.T., Braquetes do sistema Straight-Wire: O que eles realmente significam? (2005) J Bras Ortodon Ortop Facial., 10 (58), pp. 449-459Mendonça, S., (2004) Ortodontia nos tempos globalizados., , São Paulo: Ed. Univ. GuarulhosMurray, J.J., Better opportunities for women dentists: A review of the contribution of women dentists to the workforce (2002) Br Dent J., 192 (4), pp. 191-196Oppenheim, A.M., (1993) Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement., , 1st ed. London: PinterPantaleão, A.M., (2007) Estudo da prática ortodôntica no Distrito Federal [dissertação]., , Campinas (SP): São Leopoldo MandicPissette, A.P., Feres, M.A.L., II Estudo sobre a prática ortodôntica no Brasil-1995 (1997) Ortodontia., 30 (3), pp. 7-15Queiroz Jr., G., Feres, M.A.L., Estudo sobre a prática ortodôntica no Brasil (1994) Ortodontia., 27 (3), pp. 67-77Soares, E.D., Carvalho, A.S., Barbosa, J.A., Relação comercial do ortodontista brasileiro com o seu paciente, natureza obrigacional dos serviços prestados e riscos do tratamento ortodôntico (2007) Rev Dental Press Ortod Ortop Facial., 12 (1), pp. 94-101Souza, C.E.V., Feres, M.A.L., Petrelli, E., Quem somos e como estamos em relação à Ortodontia contemporânea no Brasil: Terceiro estudo (2003) J Bras Ortodon Ortop Facial., 8 (47), pp. 401-418Vilella, O.V., O desenvolvimento da Ortodontia no Brasil (2007) Rev Dental Press Ortod Ortop Facial., 12 (6), pp. 131-15

Characterization Of The Intracellular Ca2+ Pools Involved In The Calcium Homeostasis In Herpetomonas Sp. Promastigotes

Trypanosomatids of the genus Herpetomonas comprises monoxenic parasites of insects that present proand opisthomastigotes forms in their life cycles. In this study, we investigated the Ca2+ transport and the mitochondrial bioenergetic of digitonin-permeabilized Herpetomonas sp. promastigotes. The response of promastigotes mitochondrial membrane potential to ADP, oligomycin, Ca2+, and antimycin A indicates that these mitochondria behave similarly to vertebrate and Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondria regarding the properties of their electrochemical proton gradient. Ca2+ transport by permeabilized cells appears to be performed mainly by the mitochondria. Unlike T. cruzi, it was not possible to observe Ca2+ release from Herpetomonas sp. mitochondria, probably due to the simultaneous Ca2+ uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, a vanadate-sensitive Ca2+ transport system, attributed to the endoplasmic reticulum, was also detected. Nigericin (1 μM), FCCP (1 μM), or bafilomycin A1 (5 μM) had no effect on the vanadate-sensitive Ca2+ transport. These data suggest the absence of a Ca2+ transport mediated by a Ca2+/H+ antiport. No evidence of a third Ca2+ compartment with the characteristics of the acidocalcisomes described by A. E. Vercesi et al. (1994, Biochem. J. 304, 227-233) was observed. Thapsigargin and IP3 were not able to affect the vanadate-sensitive Ca2+ transport. Ruthenium red was able to inhibit the Ca2+ uniport of mitochondria, inducing a slow mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux, compatible with the presence of a Ca2+/H+ antiport. Moreover, this efflux was not stimulated by the addition of NaCl, which suggests the absence of a Ca2+/Na+ antiport in mitochondria. (C) 2000 Academic Press.38018591Camargo, E.P., Kastelein, P., Roitman, I., (1990) Parasitol. Today, 6, pp. 22-25Redman, C.A., Schineider, P., Mehlert, A., Ferguson, A.J., (1995) Biochem. 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Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid—new thoughts on old diseases: a review

Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease are two distinct septicaemic diseases largely specific to avian species and caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum, respectively. They were first described more than one century ago. Since their discovery, many efforts have been made to control and prevent their occurrence in commercial farming of birds. However, they remain a serious economic problem to livestock in countries where measures of control are not efficient or in those where the climatic conditions favour the environmental spread of these microorganisms. During the past 15 to 20 years there has been an explosion of genetic and immunological information on the biology of these two organisms, which is beginning to contribute to a better understanding of the organisms and their interaction with the host. However, it is not enough simply to understand the pathology in greater and greater detail. What is needed, in addition to this increase in basic knowledge, is creative thinking to challenge existing paradigms and to develop really novel approaches to infection control. © 2011 Houghton Trust Ltd.The University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RDUniversity of Sao Paulo State Department of Veterinary Pathology, Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo 14884-90

The generation and utilization of a cancer-oriented representation of the human transcriptome by using expressed sequence tags.

Whereas genome sequencing defines the genetic potential of an organism, transcript sequencing defines the utilization of this potential and links the genome with most areas of biology. To exploit the information within the human genome in the fight against cancer, we have deposited some two million expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from human tumors and their corresponding normal tissues in the public databases. The data currently define approximately 23,500 genes, of which only approximately 1,250 are still represented only by ESTs. Examination of the EST coverage of known cancer-related (CR) genes reveals that <1% do not have corresponding ESTs, indicating that the representation of genes associated with commonly studied tumors is high. The careful recording of the origin of all ESTs we have produced has enabled detailed definition of where the genes they represent are expressed in the human body. More than 100,000 ESTs are available for seven tissues, indicating a surprising variability of gene usage that has led to the discovery of a significant number of genes with restricted expression, and that may thus be therapeutically useful. The ESTs also reveal novel nonsynonymous germline variants (although the one-pass nature of the data necessitates careful validation) and many alternatively spliced transcripts. Although widely exploited by the scientific community, vindicating our totally open source policy, the EST data generated still provide extensive information that remains to be systematically explored, and that may further facilitate progress toward both the understanding and treatment of human cancers