Historia de exhumación del bloque este de la falla de Bucaramanga usando termocronología de baja temperatura, Santander, Colombia

La historia de exhumación del borde del Macizo de Santander en los Andes del norte se encuentra controlada por el sistema de fallas Santa Marta – Bucaramanga, que a su vez es controlada por una interacción geodinámica compleja entre las placas de Nazca, Caribe y Sur Americana, así como la colisión y acreción del bloque Panamá. Esta tesis presenta un análisis estructural y termocronológico de muestras del Macizo de Santander a lo largo de una transecta entre las localidades de Curos y el municipio de Guaca (Departamento de Santander, Colombia). Se presentan aquí nuevos datos de huellas de fisión en apatitos (AFT) y Circones (ZFT) de 17 muestras recolectadas en el costado sur occidental del Macizo de Santander. Los datos de huellas de fisión son usados para modelar la historia tiempo-temperatura y para la estimación de tazas de exhumación, mientras que el análisis estructural permite comprender la dinámica de las estructuras falladas más relevantes. El flanco occidental del Macizo de Santander expresa una compleja historia termal a lo largo del perfil Curos-Guaca, con la exposición de la zona de borrado parcial de circones y apatitos. El modelado de la historia termal de huellas de fisión en circones muestra borrado parcial de 125 a 57 Ma, reseteo a ~24 Ma en muestras cercanas a la Falla de Bucaramanga, y tazas de exhumación de ~0,3 km/ma. En los apatitos se observa un reseteo y un perfil térmico invertido en la Falla del río Perchiquez a los 5 Ma con tazas de exhumación de ~0,6 km/ma. Este control estructural es también evidenciando con análisis morfotectonicos, de estrías de falla, y de microestructuras. La integración de toda la información permite establecer la presencia de eventos de exhumación recientes que expresan la acción marcada de la Falla de Bucaramanga como estructura principal en la actividad tectónica del Macizo de Santander. Además, los bloques al costado occidental del Macizo de Santander evidencian diversos procesos de exhumación rápida a finales del Cenozoico relacionados a estructuras falladas en dirección NNE que acomodan la deformación con desplazamientos en rumbo. La temporalidad de estos eventos puede estar relacionado con la colisión y deformación generada por el bloque Panamá.Abstract: The exhumation history of the western part of the Santander Massif in the Northern Andes is controlled by the Santa Marta - Bucaramanga fault syst em, which in turn is controlled by the geodynamic interaction between the Nazca, Caribe and South American plates, as well a s the collision and accretion of the Panama block. Through structural and thermochronological analysis of samples from the Santander Massif collected along a profile between Curos – Guaca on the south - western flank of the Santander Massif (state of Santander, Colombia), we present new in apatite (AFT) and zircon (ZFT) fission tack data of 17 samples . The fission tack data are used for time - temperature history modelling and for the estimation of exhumation rate s. T he structural analysis provides information on the behavior of relevant faults in the study area . The western flank of the Santander Massif shows a complex thermal hi story along the Curos - Guaca profile, with exhume d zircon and apatite partial annealing zone s . Thermal history modelling base on ZFT data show s partial ly annealed zircon with fission - track ages of 125 Ma and younger and a phase of rapid cooling at around 2 6 Ma in samples near to the Bucaramanga fault with long - term average exhumation rates of ~ 0 . 3 km/Myr . Inverse modeling of apatite fission - track data from the Perchiquez fault indicate structural ly control led exhumation at around 5 M a at rates of ~ 0 . 6 km/Myr . This deformation phase is evidenced by microstructural studies of morphotectonic features such as slickensides and by t in this zone. We can e stablish the presence of exhumation events that show the relevance of the Bucaramanga fault as the main structur e in the tectonic activity of the Santander Massif . However, rapid exhumation at the end of Cenozoic of different blocks on the western flank is related to secondary NE - trend i ng faults that accommodate deformation with lateral displacement (strike slip fau lts), related to the collision and buttress effect of the Panama block .Maestrí

Model for Evaluating CO2 Emissions and the Projection of the Transport Sector

This article presents a system dynamics model to analyze the growth of cars and the effect of different policies on carbon emissions from the transport sector. The simulation model used in this work was built using the methodology of systems dynamics (SD) developed by Jay W. Forrester at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The model was applied to the transport sector of the city of Bogota, Colombia for a period of time between 2005 and 2050. The information used to feed the model comes from reliable sources such as DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics) and EIA (U.S Energy Information Administration). Four scenarios were proposed that relate urban development policy and environmental policy. The main results indicate that the number of cars in Bogota can reach up to 13 million vehicles in 2050 and the projection of CO2 emissions would reach 34 million TonCO2 in the absence of an appropriate environmental policy

Telehealth cancer-related fatigue clinic model for cancer survivors: A pilot randomised controlled trial protocol (the T-CRF trial)

INTRODUCTION: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common and debilitating adverse effects of cancer and its treatment reported by cancer survivors. Physical activity, psychological interventions and management of concurrent symptoms have been shown to be effective in alleviating CRF. This pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) will determine the feasibility of a telehealth CRF clinic intervention (T-CRF) to implement evidence-based strategies and assess the impact of the intervention on CRF and other clinical factors in comparison to usual care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A parallel-arm (intervention vs usual care) pilot RCT will be conducted at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Queensland, Australia. Sixty cancer survivors aged 18 years and over, who report moderate or severe fatigue on the Brief Fatigue Inventory and meet other study criteria will be recruited. Participants will be randomised (1:1) to receive the T-CRF intervention or usual care (ie, specialist-led care, with a fatigue information booklet). The intervention is a 24-week programme of three telehealth nurse-led consultations and a personalised CRF management plan. The primary objective of this pilot RCT is to determine intervention feasibility, with a secondary objective to determine preliminary clinical efficacy. Feasibility outcomes include the identification of recruitment methods; recruitment rate and uptake; attrition; adherence; fidelity; apathy; and intervention functionality, acceptability and satisfaction. Clinical and resource use outcomes include cancer survivor fatigue, symptom burden, level of physical activity, productivity loss, hospital resource utilisation and carer\u27s fatigue and productivity loss. Descriptive statistics will be used to report on feasibility and process-related elements additional to clinical and resource outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial is prospectively registered (ACTRN12620001334998). The study protocol has been approved by the Metro South Health and Hospital Services Human Research Ethics Committee (MSHHS HREC/2020/QMS/63495). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, national and international conferences and seminars or workshops. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ID: ACTRN12620001334998; Pre-results. Trial Version: Version 1.1. Last updated 10 December 2020

Synthesis of stoichiometrically controlled reactive aluminosilicate and calcium-aluminosilicate powders

Aluminosilicate and calcium-aluminosilicate powders are synthesised via an organic steric entrapment route under conditions permitting strict stoichiometric control, utilising polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol as polymeric carriers. Polyethylene glycol is superior to polyvinyl alcohol for synthesis of calcium-aluminosilicate powders via this method, producing a more controllable product which generated less fine ash during calcination. This paper presents detailed description of synthesis and characterisation of the powders produced through this approach, including new insight into the nanostructures within the calcined powders. Aluminium environments are a mixture of 4-, 5- and 6-coordinated, while silicon is tetrahedral and shows a broad range of connectivity states. The powders are X-ray amorphous, display a high degree of homogeneity, and thus offer potential for utilisation as precursors for synthesis of hydrous aluminosilicates in the quaternary CaO-Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Fabrication of cell container arrays with overlaid surface topographies

This paper presents cell culture substrates in the form of microcontainer arrays with overlaid surface topographies, and a technology for their fabrication. The new fabrication technology is based on microscale thermoforming of thin polymer films whose surfaces are topographically prepatterned on a micro- or nanoscale. For microthermoforming, we apply a new process on the basis of temporary back moulding of polymer films and use the novel concept of a perforated-sheet-like mould. Thermal micro- or nanoimprinting is applied for prepatterning. The novel cell container arrays are fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) films. The thin-walled microcontainer structures have the shape of a spherical calotte merging into a hexagonal shape at their upper circumferential edges. In the arrays, the cell containers are arranged densely packed in honeycomb fashion. The inner surfaces of the highly curved container walls are provided with various topographical micro- and nanopatterns. For a first validation of the microcontainer arrays as in vitro cell culture substrates, C2C12 mouse premyoblasts are cultured in containers with microgrooved surfaces and shown to align along the grooves in the three-dimensional film substrates. In future stem-cell-biological and tissue engineering applications, microcontainers fabricated using the proposed technology may act as geometrically defined artificial microenvironments or niches

Cellulose and lignin biosynthesis is altered by ozone in wood of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula×alba)

Wood formation in trees is a dynamic process that is strongly affected by environmental factors. However, the impact of ozone on wood is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ozone on wood formation by focusing on the two major wood components, cellulose and lignin, and analysing any anatomical modifications. Young hybrid poplars (Populus tremula×alba) were cultivated under different ozone concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 300 nl l−1). As upright poplars usually develop tension wood in a non-set pattern, the trees were bent in order to induce tension wood formation on the upper side of the stem and normal or opposite wood on the lower side. Biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin (enzymes and RNA levels), together with cambial growth, decreased in response to ozone exposure. The cellulose to lignin ratio was reduced, suggesting that cellulose biosynthesis was more affected than that of lignin. Tension wood was generally more altered than opposite wood, especially at the anatomical level. Tension wood may be more susceptible to reduced carbon allocation to the stems under ozone exposure. These results suggested a coordinated regulation of cellulose and lignin deposition to sustain mechanical strength under ozone. The modifications of the cellulose to lignin ratio and wood anatomy could allow the tree to maintain radial growth while minimizing carbon cost

Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV

Many measurements and searches for physics beyond the standard model at the LHC rely on the efficient identification of heavy-flavour jets, i.e. jets originating from bottom or charm quarks. In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented. Heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms have been improved compared to those used previously at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. For jets with transverse momenta in the range expected in simulated $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ events, these new developments result in an efficiency of 68% for the correct identification of a b jet for a probability of 1% of misidentifying a light-flavour jet. The improvement in relative efficiency at this misidentification probability is about 15%, compared to previous CMS algorithms. In addition, for the first time algorithms have been developed to identify jets containing two b hadrons in Lorentz-boosted event topologies, as well as to tag c jets. The large data sample recorded in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has also allowed the development of new methods to measure the efficiency and misidentification probability of heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms. The heavy-flavour jet identification efficiency is measured with a precision of a few per cent at moderate jet transverse momenta (between 30 and 300 GeV) and about 5% at the highest jet transverse momenta (between 500 and 1000 GeV)

Evidence for the Higgs boson decay to a bottom quark–antiquark pair

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe