A linguagem jurídica como meio de comunicação intelectual e legal

The authors considered the essence of the legal language and highlighted its properties. In particular, it is determined that the legal language is, primarily, the official language, which is distinguished by the standard formulations. It is based on the legal terminology. Legal language is characterized by a circle of regular users, special, distinctive fixation objects (for example, legislative, judicial and other legal acts). It is a means of special, intellectual and legal communication, intended for the exchange of legal information. The article contains arguments in favor of the need for the general availability of the legal language and justifies the possibility of its subdivision into speciesLos autores consideraron la esencia del lenguaje legal y resaltaron sus propiedades. En particular, se determina que el lenguaje legal es, principalmente, el idioma oficial, que se distingue por las formulaciones estándar. Se basa en la terminología legal. El lenguaje legal se caracteriza por un círculo de usuarios regulares, objetos de fijación especiales y distintivos (por ejemplo, actos legislativos, judiciales y otros actos jurídicos). Es un medio de comunicación especial, intelectual y legal, destinado al intercambio de información legal. El artículo contiene argumentos a favor de la necesidad de la disponibilidad general del lenguaje legal y justifica la posibilidad de su subdivisión en especies.Os autores consideraram a essência da linguagem jurídica e destacaram suas propriedades. Em particular, é determinado que a linguagem jurídica é, principalmente, a língua oficial, que se distingue pelas formulações padrão. Baseia-se na terminologia jurídica. A linguagem jurídica é caracterizada por um círculo de usuários regulares, objetos especiais e distintos de fixação (por exemplo, legislativo, judicial e outros atos legais). É um meio de comunicação especial, intelectual e legal, destinado ao intercâmbio de informações jurídicas. O artigo contém argumentos a favor da necessidade da disponibilidade geral da linguagem jurídica e justifica a possibilidade de sua subdivisão em espécie

Legal language as an intellectual and legal communication means

The authors considered the essence of the legal language and highlighted its properties. In particular, it is determined that the legal language is, primarily, the official language, which is distinguished by the standard formulations. It is based on the legal terminolog

Legal language as a means of intellectual and legal communication

Los autores consideraron la esencia del lenguaje legal y destacaron sus propiedades. En particular, se determina que el lenguaje legal es, principalmente, el idioma oficial, que se distingue por las formulaciones estándar. Se basa en la terminología jurídica. El lenguaje legal se caracteriza por un círculo de usuarios regulares, objetos especiales de fijación distintivos (por ejemplo, actos legislativos, judiciales y otros actos legales). Es un medio de comunicación especial, intelectual y legal, destinado al intercambio de información jurídica. El artículo contiene argumentos a favor de la necesidad de la disponibilidad general del lenguaje legal y justifica la posibilidad de su subdivisión en especies. Os autores consideraram a essência da linguagem jurídica e destacaram suas propriedades. Em particular, é determinado que a linguagem jurídica é, principalmente, a língua oficial, que se distingue pelas formulações padrão. Baseia-se na terminologia jurídica. A linguagem jurídica é caracterizada por um círculo de usuários regulares, objetos distintivos especiais de fixação (por exemplo, legislativo, judicial e outros atos legais). É um meio especial de comunicação, intelectual e legal, destinado ao intercâmbio de informações jurídicas. O artigo contém argumentos a favor da necessidade da disponibilidade geral da linguagem jurídica e justifica a possibilidade de sua subdivisão em espécie.The authors considered the essence of legal language and highlighted its properties. In particular, it is determined that the legal language is primarily the official language, distinguished by the standard formulations. It is based on legal terminology. Legal language is characterized by a circle of regular users, distinctive special objects of fixation (for example, legislative, judicial and other legal acts). It is a special, intellectual and legal means of communication, intended for the exchange of legal information. The article contains arguments in favor of the need for the general availability of legal language and justifies the possibility of its subdivision into species

Simple Metals at High Pressure

In this lecture we review high-pressure phase transition sequences exhibited by simple elements, looking at the examples of the main group I, II, IV, V, and VI elements. General trends are established by analyzing the changes in coordination number on compression. Experimentally found phase transitions and crystal structures are discussed with a brief description of the present theoretical picture.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, lecture notes for the lecture given at the Erice course on High-Pressure Crystallography in June 2009, Sicily, Ital

Pressure-Induced Two-Color Photoluminescence in MnF2 at Room Temperature

A novel two-color photoluminescence (PL) is found in MnF2 at room temperature under high pressure. Contrary to low-temperature PL, PL at room temperature is unusual in transition-metal concentrated materials like MnF2, since the deexcitation process at room temperature is fully governed by energy transfer to nonradiative centers. We show that room-temperature PL in MnF2 originates from two distinct Mn2 emissions in the high-pressure cotunnite phase. The electronic structure and the excited-state dynamics are investigated by time-resolved emission and excitation spectroscopy at high pressure

Hidden scale invariance of metals

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of 58 liquid elements at their triple point show that most metals exhibit near proportionality between thermal fluctuations between virial and potential-energy in the isochoric ensemble. This demonstrates a general "hidden" scale invariance of metals making the dense part of the thermodynamic phase diagram effectively one dimensional with respect to structure and dynamics. DFT computed density scaling exponents, related to the Gr{\"u}neisen parameter, are in good agreement with experimental values for 16 elements where reliable data were available. Hidden scale invariance is demonstrated in detail for magnesium by showing invariance of structure and dynamics. Computed melting curves of period three metals follow curves with invariance (isomorphs). The experimental structure factor of magnesium is predicted by assuming scale invariant inverse power-law (IPL) pair interactions. However, crystal packings of several transition metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Nb, Mo, Ta, W and Hg), most post-transition metals (Ga, In, Sn, and Tl) and the metalloids Si and Ge cannot be explained by the IPL assumption. Thus, hidden scale invariance can be present even when the IPL-approximation is inadequate. The virial-energy correlation coefficient of iron and phosphorous is shown to increase at elevated pressures. Finally, we discuss how scale invariance explains the Gr{\"u}neisen equation of state and a number of well-known empirical melting and freezing rules.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

Negative responses of highland pines to anthropogenic activities in inland Spain: a palaeoecological perspective

Palaeoecological evidence indicates that highland pines were dominant in extensive areas of the mountains of Central and Northern Iberia during the first half of the Holocene. However, following several millennia of anthropogenic pressure, their natural ranges are now severely reduced. Although pines have been frequently viewed as first-stage successional species responding positively to human disturbance, some recent palaeobotanical work has proposed fire disturbance and human deforestation as the main drivers of this vegetation turnover. To assess the strength of the evidence for this hypothesis and to identify other possible explanations for this scenario, we review the available information on past vegetation change in the mountains of northern inland Iberia. We have chosen data from several sites that offer good chronological control, including palynological records with microscopic charcoal data and sites with plant macro- and megafossil occurrence. We conclude that although the available long-term data are still fragmentary and that new methods are needed for a better understanding of the ecological history of Iberia, fire events and human activities (probably modulated by climate) have triggered the pine demise at different locations and different temporal scales. In addition, all palaeoxylological, palynological and charcoal results obtained so far are fully compatible with a rapid human-induced ecological change that could have caused a range contraction of highland pines in western Iberia

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019)Swiss National Science Foundation | Ref. 200021_16959

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (nee European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60% from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).Peer reviewe