261 research outputs found
Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs That Elevate Cardiovascular Risk: An Examination of Sales and Essential Medicines Lists in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries
PMCID: PMC3570554This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Achievement of treatment goals for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice across Europe: the EURIKA study
Aims: Most studies on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been limited to patients at high CVD risk. We assessed the achievement of treatment goals for CVD risk factors among patients with a substantial variation in CVD risk.
Methods and results: This study was conducted with 7641 outpatients aged â„50 years, free of clinical CVD and with at least one major CVD risk factor, selected from 12 European countries in 2009. Risk factor definition and treatment goals were based on the 2007 European guidelines on CVD prevention. Cholesterol fractions and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in a central laboratory. Cardiovascular disease risk was estimated with the SCORE equation. Patients' mean age was 63 years (48% men), and 40.1% had a high CVD risk. Among treated hypertensives (94.2%), only 38.8% achieved the blood pressure target of <140/90 mmHg [between-country range (BCR): 32.1â47.5%]. Among treated dyslipidaemic patients (74.4%), 41.2% attained both the total- and LDL-cholesterol target of <5 and <3 mmol/L, respectively (BCR: 24.3â68.4%). Among treated type 2 diabetic patients (87.2%), 36.7% achieved the <6.5% HbA1c target (BCR: 23.4â48.4%). Among obese patients on non-pharmacological treatment (92.2%), 24.7% reached the body mass index target of <30 kg/m2 (BCR: 12.7â37.1%). About one-third of controlled patients on treatment were still at high remaining CVD risk. Although most patients were advised to reduce excess weight and to follow a low-calorie diet, less than half received written recommendations.
Conclusions: In Europe, a large proportion of patients in primary prevention have CVD risk factors that remain uncontrolled, and lifestyle counselling is not well implemented; moreover, there is substantial between-country variation, which indicates additional room for improvement. Raised residual CVD risk is relatively frequent among patients despite control of their primary risk factors and should be addressed
Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities
This Living Review updates a previous version which its itself an update of a
review article. Numerical exploration of the properties of singularities could,
in principle, yield detailed understanding of their nature in physically
realistic cases. Examples of numerical investigations into the formation of
naked singularities, critical behavior in collapse, passage through the Cauchy
horizon, chaos of the Mixmaster singularity, and singularities in spatially
inhomogeneous cosmologies are discussed.Comment: 51 pages, 6 figures may be found in online version: Living Rev.
Relativity 2002-1 at www.livingreviews.or
Dark Matter Candidates: A Ten-Point Test
An extraordinarily rich zoo of non-baryonic Dark Matter candidates has been
proposed over the last three decades. Here we present a 10-point test that a
new particle has to pass, in order to be considered a viable DM candidate: I.)
Does it match the appropriate relic density? II.) Is it {\it cold}? III.) Is it
neutral? IV.) Is it consistent with BBN? V.) Does it leave stellar evolution
unchanged? VI.) Is it compatible with constraints on self-interactions? VII.)
Is it consistent with {\it direct} DM searches? VIII.) Is it compatible with
gamma-ray constraints? IX.) Is it compatible with other astrophysical bounds?
X.) Can it be probed experimentally?Comment: 29 pages, 12 figure
First measurement of the Hubble Constant from a Dark Standard Siren using the Dark Energy Survey Galaxies and the LIGO/Virgo BinaryâBlack-hole Merger GW170814
International audienceWe present a multi-messenger measurement of the Hubble constant H 0 using the binaryâblack-hole merger GW170814 as a standard siren, combined with a photometric redshift catalog from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The luminosity distance is obtained from the gravitational wave signal detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)/Virgo Collaboration (LVC) on 2017 August 14, and the redshift information is provided by the DES Year 3 data. Black hole mergers such as GW170814 are expected to lack bright electromagnetic emission to uniquely identify their host galaxies and build an object-by-object Hubble diagram. However, they are suitable for a statistical measurement, provided that a galaxy catalog of adequate depth and redshift completion is available. Here we present the first Hubble parameter measurement using a black hole merger. Our analysis results in , which is consistent with both SN Ia and cosmic microwave background measurements of the Hubble constant. The quoted 68% credible region comprises 60% of the uniform prior range [20, 140] km sâ1 Mpcâ1, and it depends on the assumed prior range. If we take a broader prior of [10, 220] km sâ1 Mpcâ1, we find (57% of the prior range). Although a weak constraint on the Hubble constant from a single event is expected using the dark siren method, a multifold increase in the LVC event rate is anticipated in the coming years and combinations of many sirens will lead to improved constraints on H 0
Effects of Data Quality Vetoes on a Search for Compact Binary Coalescences in Advanced LIGO's First Observing Run
The first observing run of Advanced LIGO spanned 4 months, from September 12,
2015 to January 19, 2016, during which gravitational waves were directly
detected from two binary black hole systems, namely GW150914 and GW151226.
Confident detection of gravitational waves requires an understanding of
instrumental transients and artifacts that can reduce the sensitivity of a
search. Studies of the quality of the detector data yield insights into the
cause of instrumental artifacts and data quality vetoes specific to a search
are produced to mitigate the effects of problematic data. In this paper, the
systematic removal of noisy data from analysis time is shown to improve the
sensitivity of searches for compact binary coalescences. The output of the
PyCBC pipeline, which is a python-based code package used to search for
gravitational wave signals from compact binary coalescences, is used as a
metric for improvement. GW150914 was a loud enough signal that removing noisy
data did not improve its significance. However, the removal of data with excess
noise decreased the false alarm rate of GW151226 by more than two orders of
magnitude, from 1 in 770 years to less than 1 in 186000 years.Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures, published versio
GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs
We present the results from three gravitational-wave searches for coalescing compact binaries with component masses above 1ââMâ during the first and second observing runs of the advanced gravitational-wave detector network. During the first observing run (O1), from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, gravitational waves from three binary black hole mergers were detected. The second observing run (O2), which ran from November 30, 2016 to August 25, 2017, saw the first detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, in addition to the observation of gravitational waves from a total of seven binary black hole mergers, four of which we report here for the first time: GW170729, GW170809, GW170818, and GW170823. For all significant gravitational-wave events, we provide estimates of the source properties. The detected binary black holes have total masses between 18.6â0.7+3.2ââMâ and 84.4â11.1+15.8ââMâ and range in distance between 320â110+120 and 2840â1360+1400ââMpc. No neutron star-black hole mergers were detected. In addition to highly significant gravitational-wave events, we also provide a list of marginal event candidates with an estimated false-alarm rate less than 1 per 30 days. From these results over the first two observing runs, which include approximately one gravitational-wave detection per 15 days of data searched, we infer merger rates at the 90% confidence intervals of 110â3840ââGpcâ3âyâ1 for binary neutron stars and 9.7â101ââGpcâ3âyâ1 for binary black holes assuming fixed population distributions and determine a neutron star-black hole merger rate 90% upper limit of 610ââGpcâ3âyâ1
Erratum: âSearches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in 2015â2017 LIGO Dataâ (2019, ApJ, 879, 10)
Due to an error at the publisher, in the published article the number of pulsars presented in the paper is incorrect in multiple places throughout the text. Specifically, "222" pulsars should be "221." Additionally, the number of pulsars for which we have EM observations that fully overlap with O1 and O2 changes from "168" to "167." Elsewhere, in the machine-readable table of Table 1 and in Table 2, the row corresponding to pulsar J0952-0607 should be excised as well. Finally, in the caption for Table 2 the number of pulsars changes from "188" to "187.
Searches for gravitational waves from known pulsars at two harmonics in 2015-2017 LIGO data
International audienceWe present a search for gravitational waves from 222 pulsars with rotation frequencies âł10 Hz. We use advanced LIGO data from its first and second observing runs spanning 2015â2017, which provides the highest-sensitivity gravitational-wave data so far obtained. In this search we target emission from both the l = m = 2 mass quadrupole mode, with a frequency at twice that of the pulsarâs rotation, and the l = 2, m = 1 mode, with a frequency at the pulsar rotation frequency. The search finds no evidence for gravitational-wave emission from any pulsar at either frequency. For the l = m = 2 mode search, we provide updated upper limits on the gravitational-wave amplitude, mass quadrupole moment, and fiducial ellipticity for 167 pulsars, and the first such limits for a further 55. For 20 young pulsars these results give limits that are below those inferred from the pulsarsâ spin-down. For the Crab and Vela pulsars our results constrain gravitational-wave emission to account for less than 0.017% and 0.18% of the spin-down luminosity, respectively. For the recycled millisecond pulsar J0711â6830 our limits are only a factor of 1.3 above the spin-down limit, assuming the canonical value of 1038 kg m2 for the starâs moment of inertia, and imply a gravitational-wave-derived upper limit on the starâs ellipticity of 1.2 Ă 10â8. We also place new limits on the emission amplitude at the rotation frequency of the pulsars
- âŠ