Review of Transmission Fixed Costs Allocation Methods

In the context of competitive electricity markets, transmission fixed costs should be fairly allocated to transmission users. A reasonable allocation method could lead to efficient utilizations of existing transmission facilities and, at the same time, provide economic signals for guiding future generation planning and load sitting. In this paper, a comprehensive literature survey is made on available methods of transmission fixed cost allocations. The review is conducted from several different aspects including: costs to be allocated, entities to pay the costs, system states to be based on, cost allocations of unused capacities, pricing of counter flow and that of reactive power, and allocation principles and methods. In addition, the characteristics of each method are analyzed and compared with those of the others.published_or_final_versio

The concept and algorithm of 'conductor renting' and its application in transmission losses allocation

The cost of transmission losses represents an important part of transmission costs. In the context of competitive electricity marketplace, the costs caused by transmission losses should be reasonably allocated to various market participants, but the nonlinearity of the transmission losses function makes the allocation very difficult. In this paper, the concept of 'conductor renting' is proposed for the first time and is used to solve transmission losses allocation problem. The analysis indicates that the active power losses caused by different current components are in proportion to the conductor section acreage and the corresponding conductance used by the current components, and the reactive power losses caused by current components have similar characteristics. Based on the concept of conductor renting, it is easy to solve the losses allocation problem, and the interaction effect of the transactions is eliminated.published_or_final_versio

A Practical Method For Determining Transmission Usage-based Tariff In Electricity Markets With Trading Modes

In this paper, a practical approach is presented for determining transmission usage-based tariff, based on the well-known generation shift distribution factor (GSDF) based method and the recently developed power flow tracing method. First, the GSDF based method is employed for allocating the transmission usage-based charges among various transactions, and then the power flow tracing technique used for further distributing the charge such obtained among the participants of each transaction concerned. The proposed method is easy to implement and is applicable to electricity markets with various trading modes such as bilateral, multilateral and pool trading modes, and to interconnected multiple-regional and hierarchical electricity markets as well.published_or_final_versio

A literature survey on allocations of transmission fixed costs

In the context of competitive electricity markets, transmission fixed costs should be fairly allocated to transmission users. A reasonable allocation method could lead to efficient utilizations of existing transmission facilities and, at the same time, provide economic signals for guiding future generation planning and load sitting. In this paper, a comprehensive literature survey is made on available methods of transmission fixed cost allocations. The review is conducted from several different aspects including: costs to be allocated, entities to pay the costs, system states to be based, cost allocations of unused capacities, pricing of counter flow and that of reactive power, and allocation principles and methods. In addition, the characteristics of each method are analyzed and compared with those of the others. This project is jointly supported by National Key Basic Research Special Fund of China (No. G1998020301), a Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (SRFDP), China (No. 2000033530) and a Seed Funding Project from the University of Hong Kong

Two-orbital SU(N) magnetism with ultracold alkaline-earth atoms

Fermionic alkaline-earth atoms have unique properties that make them attractive candidates for the realization of novel atomic clocks and degenerate quantum gases. At the same time, they are attracting considerable theoretical attention in the context of quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate that when such atoms are loaded in optical lattices, they can be used as quantum simulators of unique many-body phenomena. In particular, we show that the decoupling of the nuclear spin from the electronic angular momentum can be used to implement many-body systems with an unprecedented degree of symmetry, characterized by the SU(N) group with N as large as 10. Moreover, the interplay of the nuclear spin with the electronic degree of freedom provided by a stable optically excited state allows for the study of spin-orbital physics. Such systems may provide valuable insights into strongly correlated physics of transition metal oxides, heavy fermion materials, and spin liquid phases.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. V2: extended experimental accessibility and Kondo sections in the main text (including new Fig. 5b) and in the Methods; reorganized other parts; added reference

Effect of temperature anisotropy on various modes and instabilities for a magnetized non-relativistic bi-Maxwellian plasma

Using kinetic theory for homogeneous collisionless magnetized plasmas, we present an extended review of the plasma waves and instabilities and discuss the anisotropic response of generalized relativistic dielectric tensor and Onsager symmetry properties for arbitrary distribution functions. In general, we observe that for such plasmas only those electromagnetic modes whose magnetic field perturbations are perpendicular to the ambient magneticeld, i.e.,B1 \perp B0, are effected by the anisotropy. However, in oblique propagation all modes do show such anisotropic effects. Considering the non-relativistic bi-Maxwellian distribution and studying the relevant components of the general dielectric tensor under appropriate conditions, we derive the dispersion relations for various modes and instabilities. We show that only the electromagnetic R- and L- waves, those derived from them and the O-mode are affected by thermal anisotropies, since they satisfy the required condition B1\perpB0. By contrast, the perpendicularly propagating X-mode and the modes derived from it (the pure transverse X-mode and Bernstein mode) show no such effect. In general, we note that the thermal anisotropy modifies the parallel propagating modes via the parallel acoustic effect, while it modifies the perpendicular propagating modes via the Larmor-radius effect. In oblique propagation for kinetic Alfven waves, the thermal anisotropy affects the kinetic regime more than it affects the inertial regime. The generalized fast mode exhibits two distinct acoustic effects, one in the direction parallel to the ambient magnetic field and the other in the direction perpendicular to it. In the fast-mode instability, the magneto-sonic wave causes suppression of the firehose instability. We discuss all these propagation characteristics and present graphic illustrations

Analysis of expression profiles of MAGE-A antigens in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The immunological response to solid tumours is insufficient. Therefore, tumour specific antigens have been explored to facilitate the activation of the immune system. The cancer/testis antigen class of MAGE-A antigens is a possible target for vaccination. Their differential expression profiles also modulate the course of the cancer disease and its response to antineoplastic drugs.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The expression profiles of MAGE-A2, -A3, -A4, -A6 and -A10 in five own oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were characterised by rt-PCR, qrt-PCR and immunocytochemistry with a global MAGE-A antibody (57B) and compared with those of an adult keratinocyte cell line (NHEK).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All tumour cell lines expressed MAGE-A antigens. The antigens were expressed in groups with different preferences. The predominant antigens expressed were MAGE-A2, -A3 and -A6. MAGE-A10 was not expressed in the cell lines tested. The MAGE-A gene products detected in the adult keratinocyte cell line NHEK were used as a reference.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>MAGE-A antigens are expressed in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The expression profiles measured facilitate distinct examinations in forthcoming studies on responses to antineoplastic drugs or radiation therapy. MAGE-A antigens are still an interesting aim for immunotherapy.</p

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √ s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT > 120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between Emiss T > 150 GeV and Emiss T > 700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presente

Spanish Validation of the Flourishing Scale in the General Population

Well-being research and its measurement have grown in the last two decades. The objective of this study was to adapt and validate the Flourishing Scale in a sample of Spanish adults. This was a cross-sectional study using a non-probabilistic sample of 999 Spanish general adult population participants. The psychometric properties of the scale were analysed from an exploratory and confirmatory perspective. Exploratory factor analysis showed a one-factor solution explaining 42.3% of the variance; an internal consistency of .846; temporal reliability correlation of .749; convergent validity with the Satisfaction with Life Scale of .521 and criterion validity with positive and negative affect (PANAS), pessimism and optimism (LOT-R) ranging from .270 to .488. Confirmatory factor analysis testing the one-factor solution showed a χ2 of 65.57 df = 20; CFI of .982, RMSEA of .06, average variance extracted index of .518 and composite reliability index of .841. Results showed that the Spanish version of the FS is a reliable and valid method for measuring high levels of well-bein