MODELO DE SIMULACIÓN MONTECARLO PARA LA DETERMINACIÓN DEL LÍMITE MÁXIMO DE RETENCIÓN EN LA OPERACIÓN DE SEGUROS VIDA GRUPO

La metodología que se utilizó inicia con una revisión a la literatura para identificar los principales conceptos sobre seguros, reaseguros, límites de retención, medidas de tendencia central para la realización del análisis estadístico y enfoque y aplicaciones de modelo Montecarlo. Una vez recopilada la información para la compresión y análisis de la base de datos que se ocupó para el desarrollo del modelo, se depuró la base validando las variables de estudio y comprobando su confiabilidad. Se buscó la optimización del modelo planteado mediante la técnica de optimización basada en simulación Montecarlo. Apoyados en ésta técnica, se demuestra que se puede construir un modelo de simulación para encontrar el límite de retención tal que asegure con un alto grado de confiabilidad la solvencia de la empresa. Los paquetes de software a utilizar son hojas electrónicas en Microsoft Excel y programación basada en Visual Basic para el desarrollo del modelo. El contenido de ésta investigación se encuentra dividido en cuatro capítulos y una sección de conclusiones. En el capítulo uno, se desarrolló el marco teórico que está compuesto por conceptos y definiciones necesarios para el desarrollo y compresión del modelo. En el capítulo dos, se abordó el análisis estadístico para la revisión en la construcción del modelo de límite máximo de retención del seguro de vida grupo. En capítulo tres se analizó la metodología planteada en la exposición del modelo de simulación Montecarlo, esto abarca desde la construcción de la base de datos, el 10 proceso de la utilización de la macro para obtener las simulaciones, la tabla de mortalidad usada para las fórmulas que se aplicaron al modelo, y la obtención del requerimiento bruto de solvencia. En el capítulo cuarto, se muestran los resultados de las simulaciones para cada uno de los escenarios, es decir, para cada límite de retención propuesto. Para finalizar se llevó a cabo la discusión de los principales resultados y se puntualizaron las conclusiones de la investigación

Rural Economy: A Geographical Distribution of Scientific Discourse

In the political system and in public perception, the well-functioning of economy is frequently equalled to the output of the national economy?that is, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, during the last decades, this narrow conception of economic prosperity started to erode. This paper describes the scientific discussion surrounding the topic of ?economy? in rural places, with the objective of exploring who is setting the agenda and which themes are prevalent. We examine 102 journal papers published during the last decade and design a methodological frame based on Nvivo10 software which combines quantitative analysis of geographical attributes (geographical location; journal?s precedence; author?s institution) and qualitative content analysis of the selected articles. Our results put forward that ?rural economy? is conceptually linked to different societal spheres in areas such as development and progress, society and community, resources and sustainability. However, it is authors coming from developed countries the ones that mainly treat this issue and base their studies mainly on developing countries. Therefore it can be concluded that scientific discourse around rural economy deals with issues of interest to developed countries, but that it has, however, started to get linked to social and environmental aspects, and it is through achieving a balance between them that rural prosperity will be achieved

Bacterial viability on chemically modified silicon nanowire arrays

The global threat of antimicrobial resistance is driving an urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies. Functional surfaces are essential to prevent spreading of infection and reduce surface contamination. In this study we have fabricated and characterized multiscale-functional nanotopographies with three levels of functionalization: (1) nanostructure topography in the form of silicon nanowires, (2) covalent chemical modification with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, and (3) incorporation of chlorhexidine digluconate. Cell viability assays were carried out on two model microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus over these nanotopographic surfaces. Using SEM we have identified two growth modes producing distinctive multicellular structures, i.e. in plane growth for E. coli and out of plane growth for S. aureus. We have also shown that these chemically modified SiNWs arrays are effective in reducing the number of planktonic and surface-attached microorganisms

Bacterial Footprints in Elastic Pillared Microstructures

Soft substrates decorated with micropillar arrays are known to be sensitive to deflection due to capillary action. In this work, we demonstrate that micropillared epoxy surfaces are sensitive to single drops of bacterial suspensions. The micropillars can show significant deformations upon evaporation, just as capillary action does in soft substrates. The phenomenon has been studied with five bacterial strains: S. epidermidis, L. sakei, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and B. subtilis. The results reveal that only droplets containing motile microbes with flagella stimulate micropillar bending, which leads to significant distortions and pillar aggregations forming dimers, trimers, and higher order clusters. Such deformation is manifested in characteristic patterns that are left on the microarrayed surface following evaporation and can be easily identified even by the naked eye. Our findings could lay the ground for the design and fabrication of mechanically responsive substrates, sensitive to specific types of microorganisms

Fully Inkjet-Printed Green-Emitting PEDOT:PSS/NiO/Colloidal CsPbBr3/SnO2 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode on Rigid and Flexible Substrates

After establishing themselves as promising active materials in the field of solar cells, halide perovskites are currently being explored for fabrication of low-cost, easily processable, and highly efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Despite this, the highest efficiencies reported for perovskite-based LEDs (PeLEDs) are achieved through spin coating or vacuum evaporation deposition techniques, which are not adequate, in most of the cases, for an industrial-scale production. Additionally, the long-term stability is still a big handicap, even though all inorganic perovskites, such as CsPbBr3, are found to be more stable to external variables. In this context, herein, the fabrication of fully inkjet-printed (IJP) CsPbBr3-based PeLEDs in ambient conditions, on rigid and flexible substrates, on a proof-of-concept basis, with the successful incorporation of NiO and SnO2 as hole- and electron-selective contacts, respectively, is reported. Despite the moderate luminance (324 cd m−2) value obtained, this result paves the way toward the development of upscalable fabrication of PeLEDs based on deposition techniques with controlled spatial resolution.The authors wish to thank the financial support from the European Commission via FET Open Grant (862656, DROP-IT), MINECO (Spain) for grant PID2019-105658RB-I00 (PRITES project), Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain under Project STABLE (PID2019-107314RB-I00), and Generalitat Valenciana via Prometeo Grant Q-Devices (Prometeo/2018/098)

Malformaciones congénitas en recién nacidos vivos

Fundamento: las malformaciones congénitas contribuyen de forma importante a la mortalidad durante etapas tempranas de la vida; constituyen la primera causa de muerte infantil en los países desarrollados.Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de malformaciones congénitas en recién nacidos vivos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado en la provincia de Cienfuegos en el año 2012. Se estudiaron 37 mujeres que tuvieron recién nacidos vivos con malformaciones congénitas. Se analizó: edad de los padres, color de la piel, número de orden del nacimiento, antecedentes familiares de malformaciones, antecedentes de abortos, consanguinidad, amenaza de aborto, enfermedades crónicas, tipo de enfermedad crónica, municipio, áreas de salud, tipo de malformación; comportamiento durante el primer trimestre de: tabaquismo, fiebre, enfermedades agudas así como ingestión de medicamentos y tipo de medicamento. Se empleó el estadígrafo Chi cuadrado con una exigencia de precisión del 95 %.Resultados: la tasa de malformaciones congénitas fue de 8,6 por 1 000 nacidos vivos y la de mortalidad en menores de un año fue de 0,7 por 1 000 nacidos vivos. Predominaron los malformados que proceden de las áreas de salud VIII, VII y Cumanayagua. Los sistemas más afectados fueron el Sistema Osteomioarticular, Cardiovascular y Digestivo; la malformación más frecuente fue la comunicación interventricular. Predominaron como factores de riesgo la nuliparidad(91,9 %) y el antecedente de hasta dos abortos espontáneos(83,7 %). Conclusiones: en la provincia de Cienfuegos las malformaciones congénitas en recién nacidos vivos continúan siendo frecuentes y contribuyen a la mortalidad infantil, sobre todo las que afectan el Sistema Cardiovascular.</p

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO